Behavioural Study of Incorporation of Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Mineral Admixtures in Pavement Quality Concrete

Document Type : Research Papers

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, India.

2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

Abstract

The following is an in-depth study discussing various aspects of a sustainable Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) mix with inclusion of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) and mineral admixtures. In addition to investigation of basic mechanical properties; compositional, morphological and interspatial aspects of hardened concretes were analysed to understand the macro and micro level effects of incorporating fine particulate fly ash, rice husk ash or bagasse ash in concrete mix having recycled concrete aggregates using state of the art techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The study of PQC mixes prepared with assimilation of RCA and mineral admixtures show that addition of particulate mineral admixtures significantly enhanced the compressive and flexural strength of the mix incorporating RCA to the order of 15% and 25%, respectively. The study concluded that admixing mineral admixtures at 15% dosage refined the pore structure by reducing the average pore size by up to a few microns and also reducing the total pore volume which indicates towards the concrete mix being less permeable. This refinement in pore structure of concrete mix resulted in reduced water absorption and higher density values thus indicating improvement in durability of concrete.

Keywords


Abbas, A., Fathifazl, G., Burkan Isgor, O., Razaqpur, A.G., Fournier, B. and Foo, S. (2007). “Proposed method for determining the residual mortar content of recycled concrete aggregates”, Journal of ASTM International, 5(1), 1-12.
Akbarnezhad, A., Ong, K.C.G., Zhang, M.H., Tam, C.T. and Foo, T.W.J. (2011). “Microwave-assisted beneficiation of recycled concrete aggregates”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3469-3479.
Akbari, Y.V., Arora, N.K. and Vakil, M.D. (2011). “Effect of recycled aggregate on concrete properties”, International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, 4(6), 924-928.
Amin, M.N., Hissan, S., Shahzada, K., Khan, K. and Bibi, T. (2019). “Pozzolanic reactivity and the influence of rice husk ash on early-age autogenous shrinkage of concrete”, Frontiers in Materials, 6, 150.
Arredondo-Rea, S.P., Corral-Higuera, R., Gómez-Soberón, J.M., Gámez-García, D.C., Bernal-Camacho, J.M., Rosas-Casarez, C.A. and Ungsson-Nieblas, M.J. (2019). “Durability parameters of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete: Case study”, Applied Sciences, 9, 617.
Berndt, M.L. (2009). “Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, 23(7), 2606-2613.
Çakır, Ö. (2014). “Experimental analysis of properties of Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) concrete with mineral additives”, Construction and Building Materials, 68, 17-25.
Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand (CCANZ). (2013). Best practice guide for the use of recycled aggregates in new concrete, Technical Report, TR14.
Census of India. (2011). “Provisional population totals, census of India 2011: Urban agglomerations and cities”, Retrieved from http://www. censusindia.gov.in/.
Centre for Science and Environment. (2020). India manages to recover and recycle only about 1 per cent of its construction and demolition (C&D) waste, says new CSE analysis, August 25, 2020, New Delhi.
Chen, K., Zhu, Z., Xue, T., Zhang, H., Wang, A., He, R., Yang, H. and Wang, Y. (2021). “Enhancement treatment of recycled concrete aggregates”, Frontiers in Built Environment, 7, 739148.
CSE. (2014). Construction and Demolition Waste. Centre for Science and Engineering. Retrieved from http://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/Construction-and%20-demolition-waste.pdf.
de Oliveira, M.B. and Vazquez, E. (1996). “The influence of retained moisture in aggregate from recycling on the properties of new hardened concrete”, Waste Management, 16, 113-117.
Etxeberria, M., Vazquez, E., Mari, A., Hendriks, C.F. and van Maasakkers, M.H.J. (2004). “Role and influence of recycled aggregate in recycled aggregate concrete”, In: Conference on Use of Recycled Materials in Buildings and Structures, Barcelona.
Gagg, C.R. (2014). “Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and case study analysis”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 40, 114-140.
Grabiec, A.M., Klama, J., Zawal, D. and Krupa, D. (2012). “Modification of recycled concrete aggregate by calcium carbonate bio-deposition”, Construction and Building Materials, 34, 145-150.
Hatungimana, D., Yazıcı, Ş. and Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. (2020). “Effect of recycled concrete aggregate quality on properties of concrete”, Journal of Green Building, 15(2), 57-69.
Martínez-Lage, I., Martínez-Abella, F., Vázquez-Herrero, C. and Pérez-Ordóñez, J.L. (2005). “Properties of plain concrete made with mixed recycled coarse aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, 37, 171-176
IRC: 15. (2011). “Standard specifications and code of practice for construction of concrete roads”, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.
IRC: 44. (2017). “Guidelines for cement concrete mix design for pavements”, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.
IS 383. (1999). Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural aggregates sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards.
IS 516. (1959). Methods of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards.
IS: 2386 Part I to VI. (1997). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards.
IS: 456. (2001). Plain and reinforced concrete - code of practice, Bureau of Indian Standards.
IS: 5816. (1999). Methods of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards.
IRC: 84. (1983). Code of practice for curing of cement concrete pavements, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.
IS: 8112. (1989).  43 Grade ordinary Portland cement - specification, Bureau of Indian Standards.
Javed, M.F., Durrani, A.A., Kashif Ur Rehman, S., Aslam, F., Alabduljabbar, H. and Mosavi, A. (2021). “Effect of recycled coarse aggregate and Bagasse ash on two-stage concrete”, Crystals, 11(5), 556.
Jindal, A., Ransinchung RN, G.D. and Kumar, P. (2017). “Study of pavement quality concrete mix incorporating beneficiated recycled concrete aggregates”, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(5), 1159-1189.
Jindal, A. and Ransinchung, G.D. (2018). “Behavioural study of pavement quality concrete containing construction, industrial and agricultural wastes”, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(5), 488-501.
Jongpradist, P., Homtragoon, W., Sukkarak, R., Kongkitkul, W. and Jamsawang, P. (2018). “Efficiency of rice husk ash as cementitious material in high-strength cement-admixed clay”, Advances in Civil Engineering, Article ID 8346319, 11 p.
Joseph, M., Boehme, L., Sierens, Z. and Vandewalle, L. (2015). “Water absorption variability of recycled concrete aggregates”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 67(11), 592-597.
Kenai, S., Debieb, F. and Azzouz, L. (2005). “Performance of concrete made with recycled concrete and brick aggregate”, In: Inter American Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies in Ecological and Sustainable Construction, IAC-NOCMAT 2005, Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November.
Kou, S.C. and Poon, C.S. (2012). “Enhancing the durability properties of concrete prepared with coarse recycled aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, 35, 69-76.
Lennon, M. (2005). Recycling construction and demolition wastes: A guide for architects and contractors, Boston, MA, USA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Protection.
Limbachiya, M.C., Koulouris, A., Roberts, J.J. and Fried, A.N. (2004). “Performance of recycled aggregate concrete”, RILEM International Symposium on Environment - Conscious Materials and Systems for Sustainable Developments, 127-136, Japan.
Maier, P.L. and Durham, S.A. (2012). “Beneficial use of recycled materials in concrete mixtures, Construction and Building Materials, 29, 428-437.
Meddah, M.S., Al-Harthy, A. and A. Ismail, M. (2020). “Recycled concrete aggregates and their influences on performances of low and normal strength concretes”, Buildings, 10(9), 167.
MoRTH. (2013). “Specifications for road and bridge work”, Indian Road Congress, Government of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi, India.   
Nagapan, S., Rahman, I.A., Asmi, A., Memon, A.H. and Latif, I. (2012). “Issues on construction waste: The need for sustainable waste management”, IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research (CHUSER 2012), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 329-334.
Padhi, R.S., Patra, R.K., Mukharjee, B.B. and Dey, T. (2018). “Influence of incorporation of rice husk ash and coarse recycled concrete aggregates on properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 173, 289-297.
Panesar, D.K. (2019). “Supplementary cementing materials”, Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, 55-85.
Peng, G.-F., Huang, Y.-Z., Wang, H.-S., Zhang, J.-F. and Liu, Q.-B. (2013). “Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete at low and high water/binder ratios”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 1-6.
Poon, C.S., Kou, S.C. and Lam, L. (2002). “Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks”, Construction and Building Materials, 16(5), 281-289.
Rao, A., Jha, K.N. and Misra, S. (2007). “Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50(1), 71-81
Sankhe S., Vittal I., Dobbs R., Mohan A., Gulati A., Ablett J., Gupta S., Kim A., Paul S., Sanghvi A. and Sethy G. (2010). India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth, McKinsey Global Institute.
Saravanakumar, P., Manoj, D. and Jagan, S. (2021). “Properties of concrete having treated recycled coarse aggregate and slag”, Revista de la Construcción, 20(2), 249-258.
Shaban, W.M., Yang, J., Su, H., Liu, Q., Tsang, D. C. W., Wang, L., Xie J. and Li, L. (2019). “Properties of recycled concrete aggregates strengthened by different types of pozzolan slurry”, Construction and Building Materials, 216, 632-647.
Shi, X.S., Wand, Q. Y., Li, L. and Long, T. (2013). “Properties of environmental friendly concrete containing recycled coarse aggregate and fly ash”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 368, 957-962.
Shima, H., Tateyashiki, H., Matsuhashi, R. and Yoshida, Y. (2005). “An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability assessment through input-output analysis”, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 3(1), 53-67.
Singh, N., and Singh, S.P. (2016). “Carbonation resistance and microstructural analysis of low and high volume fly ash self-compacting concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates”, Construction and Building Materials, 127, 828-842.
Somna, R., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Amde, A.M. (2012). “Effect of ground fly ash and ground bagasse ash on the durability of recycled aggregate concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 34 (7), 848-854.
Jain, S., Singhal, S. and Jain, N.K. (2019). “Construction and demolition waste generation in cities in India: An integrated approach”, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 12(5), 333-340.
Tam, V.W.Y., Tam, C.M. and Le, K.N. (2007). “Removal of cement mortar remains from recycled aggregate using pre-soaking approaches”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50(1), 82-101.
Tam, V.W. (2008). “Economic comparison of concrete recycling: A case study approach”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 821-828.
Tam, V.W.Y. and Lu, W. (2016). “Construction waste management profiles, practices, and performance: A cross-jurisdictional analysis in four countries”, Sustainability, 8, 190.
Tangchirapat, W., Buranasing, R. and Jaturapitakkul, C. (2010). “Use of high fineness of fly ash to improve properties of recycled aggregate concrete”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(6), 565-571. 
TIFAC, E. (2001). Utilisation of waste from construction industry, New Delhi.
Tsujino, M., Noguchi, T., Tamura, M., Kanematsu, M. and Maruyama, I. (2007). “Application of conventionally recycled coarse aggregate to concrete structure by surface modification treatment”, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 5(1), 13-25.
UN DESA. (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Wahi, N., Joseph, C., Tawie, R. and Ikau, R. (2015). “Critical review on construction waste control practices: Legislative and waste management perspective”, 6th International Research Symposium in Service Management (IRSSM-6 2015), UiTM Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia, 276-283.
Wagih, A.M., El-Karmoty, H.Z., Ebid, M. and Okba, S.H. (2013). “Recycled construction and demolition concrete waste as aggregate for structural concrete”, HBRC Journal, 9(3), 193-200.
Xiao, J., Li, J. and Zhang, C. (2005). “Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading”, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1187-1194.
Yong, P.C. and Teo, D.C.L. (2009). “Utilisation of recycled aggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete”, Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology, 1(1), 1-6
Zareei, S.A., Ameri, F., Dorostkar, F. and Ahmadi, M. (2017). “Rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: Evaluating durability and mechanical properties”, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 7, 73-81.
 Zega, C.J. and Di Maio, A.A. (2011). “Recycled concretes made with waste ready-mix concrete as coarse aggregate”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 23(3), 281-286.