Investigating Travel Behaviour in TOD-Based Development from an Expert Perspective: Evidence from Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)

Sharma, Shashikant Nishant; Dehalwar, Kavita

doi:10.22059/ceij.2026.393907.2301

Investigating Travel Behaviour in TOD-Based Development from an Expert Perspective: Evidence from Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)

Articles in Press

Authors

Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Kavita Dehalwar

Department of Architecture and Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India

10.22059/ceij.2026.393907.2301

Abstract

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) provides an integrated planning framework aligning land use, urban design, and transport systems to advance sustainable mobility. This study investigates determinants of travel behaviour within TOD-based developments in Delhi through an expert-based analytical approach. A structured questionnaire survey was administered to 42 domain experts, including planners, engineers, researchers, and policy professionals. The study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine causal relationships among accessibility, urban density, public transport, government policy, and socio-economic factors. Results indicate that accessibility, urban density, and public transport significantly influence travel behaviour, highlighting the importance of compact development, efficient connectivity, and reliable transit systems. In contrast, government policy and socio-economic factors were not found to have a direct significant effect, suggesting indirect or mediated influences. The findings demonstrate the value of expert-based analysis in capturing systemic and policy-relevant insights for TOD implementation and offer practical guidance for planners and policymakers.

Keywords

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

Travel Behaviour

PLS-SEM

Accessibility

Public Transport

Subjects