Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.001 Earthquake Distribution of Building Nonstructural Components in Height Subjected to Cost of Damage for Low-Rise Office Buildings Distribution of Building Nonstructural Components in Height Subjected to Cost of Damage for Low-Rise Office Buildings Haj Najafi Leila Amirkabir University of Technology Tehranizadeh Mohsen Amirkabir University of Technology 01 12 2016 49 2 173 196 31 05 2015 04 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59626.html

Exceeded losses of nonstructural components from structural ones in most demolished buildings in previous earthquakes and its limitation on functionality of critical facilities and building serviceability after earthquakes should be got the point of view for accounting loss of building as a merit for building performance. This paper attempts to demonstrate the significant role of distribution pattern of building nonstructural components in height accounting for economic losses due to seismic excitation. To achieve this purpose a new modified distribution of nonstructural components in height is proposed for three typical steel moment frame models by office occupancy and  comparative assessments between two competing distribution of nonstructural components are conducted. Dealing with discussions, it could be concluded that the economic losses could be reduced by more astutely situating building nonstructural components in height considering type of dominated demands in a specific story without requirement to any alternation in component's type or quantity.

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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.002 Composites Mechanical Behavior of Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete Including Synthetics and Steel Fibers Mechanical Behavior of Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete Including Synthetics and Steel Fibers Tavakoli Hamidreza Babol University of Technology Fallahtabar Masoud Babol university of Technology Parvin Mohammad Babol university of technology 01 12 2016 49 2 197 213 21 09 2015 04 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59627.html

This paper investigated the effects of combining fibers with self-consolidating concrete (SCC). 12 series of test specimens were prepared using three kinds of fibers including steel, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and glass fibers with four different volumes fractions and one specimen without fibers as a reference sample. All plans were subjected to fresh concrete tests. For mechanical behavior of concrete, compressive, tensile and flexural strength, toughness, fracture energy and force-displacement curves has been studied. Fresh (rheological) properties were assessed using L-Box, Slump flow and T-50 tests. results show that concrete workability is reduced by increasing fiber volume fraction; among different fibers the PPS fibers have less negative effects on rheology. On the contrary, these fibers can improve the splitting tensile, flexural strength, toughness and fracture energy of SCC significantly; however strength of compressive is decreased by increasing the amount of fibers. Adding steel fibers to SCC increases energy absorption eminently.

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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.003 Water Resources Planning and Management Assessment of Ilam Reservoir Eutrophication Response in Controlling Water Inflow Assessment of Ilam Reservoir Eutrophication Response in Controlling Water Inflow Nourmohammadi Dehbalaei Fereshteh MSc. Department of civil Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, Javan Mitra Assistant Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Razi University – Water and Wastewater Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Eghbalzaeh Afshin Assistant Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Razi University – Water and Wastewater Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Eftekhari Morteza Director of Water Resource Institute (WRI), Tehran, Iran Fatemi Seyad Ehsan Assistant Professor, Faculty of agriculture and natural resources water engineering department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 01 12 2016 49 2 215 234 02 10 2015 04 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59628.html

In this research, a 2D laterally averaged model of hydrodynamics and water quality, CE-QUAL-W2, was applied to simulate water quality parameters in the Ilam reservoir. The water quality of Ilam reservoir was obtained between mesotrophic and eutrophic based on the measured data including chlorophyll a, total phosphorus and subsurface oxygen saturation. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was calibrated and verified by using the data of the year 2009 and 2010, respectively. Nutrients, chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen were the water quality constituents simulated by the CE-QUAL-W2 model. The comparison of the simulated water surface elevation with the measurement records indicated that the flow was fully balanced in the numerical model. There was a good agreement between the simulated and measured results of the hydrodynamics and water quality constituents in the calibration and verification periods. Some scenarios have been made base on decreasing in water quantity and nutrient inputs of reservoir inflows. The results have shown that the water quality improvements of the Ilam reservoir will not be achieved by reducing a portion of the reservoir inflow. The retention time of water in reservoir would be changed by decreasing of inflows and it made of the negative effects on the chlorophyll-a concentration by reduction of nutrient inputs and keeping constant of discharge inflow to reservoir, the concentration of total phosphorus would be significantly changed and also the concentration of chlorophyll-a was constant approximately. Thus, the effects of control in nutrient inputs are much more than control in discharge inflows in the Ilam reservoir.

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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.004 Construction Materials Investigating the Effects of Nanoclay and Nylon Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Investigating the Effects of Nanoclay and Nylon Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Taherkhani Hasan assistant professor, civil engineering department, university of zanjan, zanjan, Iran 01 12 2016 49 2 235 249 08 12 2015 19 07 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59629.html

This paper describes the effects of reinforcement by randomly distributed nylon fibers and addition of nanoclay on some engineering properties of a typical asphalt concrete. The properties of asphalt concrete reinforced by different percentages of 25 mm nylon fibers have been compared with those of the mixtures containing different percentages of nanoclay and those in which both the fibers and nanoclay have been included. Engineering properties, including Marshall stability, resilient modulus, dynamic creep and fatigue life have been studied. Nylon fibers have been used in different percentages of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% (by the weight of total mixture), and nanoclay has been used in 2, 4 and 7% (by the weight of bitumen). It is found that the addition of fibers is more effective than the nanoclay for increasing the resistance against fatigue cracking. However, nanoclay improves the resistance of the mixture against permanent deformation better than the nylon fibers. The results also show that the mixture reinforced by 0.4% of nylon fibers and containing 7% of nanoclay has the highest resilient modulus, Marshall stability and fatigue life. However, the mixture containing only 7% of nanoclay has the highest resistance against permanent deformation.

 Asphalt Concrete fatigue Nanoclay Nylon Fiber Permanent Deformation Abtahi, S. M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Alipour, R. and Hejazi, S. M. (2009). "Physical and mechanical properties of fibers-reinforced bitumen mixtures", 7th National Conference on Textile Engineering, Rasht, Iran. Alatas, T. and Yilmaz, M. (2013). "Effects of different polymers on mechanical properties of bituminous binders and hot mixtures", Construction and Building Materials, 42, 161-167.  Asphalt Institute. (1997). Mix design methods for asphalt, 6th Edition, MS-02, Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY. Becker, O., Varley, R. and Simon, G. P. (2002). "Morphology, thermal relaxations and mechanical properties of layered silicate nanocomposites based upon high-functionality epoxy resins", Polymer, 43 (16), 4365-4373.  Chen, H., Li, N., Hu, C. and Zhang, Z. (2004). "Mechanical performance of fibers-reinforced asphalt mixture", Journal of Chan University, 24(2), 1-5. Iran Asphalt Pavements Roads Code. (2012). Publication No. 234, Management and Planning Chemistry of MaterialsOrganization, Iran. Doğan, M. and Bayramli, E. (2009). "Effect of polymer additives and process temperature on the physical properties of bitumen-based composites", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113 (4), 2331-2338. Echols, J. (1989). "New mix method for fiber-reinforced asphalt", Public Works,119(8), 72-73. Gama, D.A.,  Jonior, J.M.R., Alves de Molde, T.J. and Rodrigues, J.K.G. (2016). "Rheological studies of asphalt modified with elastomeric polymer", Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 106, 290-295.  Garcia, A., Novambuena-Contras, J., Partl, M.N. and Schuetz, P. (2013). "Uniformity and mechanical properties of dense asphalt concrete with steel wool fibers", Construction and Building Materials, 43(9), 107-117. Ghaffarpour Jahromi, S., Andalibzade, B. and Vossough, S. (2010). "Engineering properties of nanoclay modified asphalt concrete mixtures", The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 35(1B), 88-103. Ghafarpour Jahromi, S., Vosough, S., Ahmadi, N.A. and Andalibizade, B. (2012). "Effect of nanoclay and precipitated calcium carbonate on mechanical properties of asphalt Concrete", Journal of Civil and Surveying Engineering, 45(3), 335-344. Ghile, D. (2005). "Effects of nanoclay modification on rheology of bitumen and on performance of asphalt mixtures", M.Sc. Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Goel, A. and Das, A. (2004). "Emerging road materials and innovative”, National Conference on Materials and Their Application in Civil Engineering, Hamipur, India, August. Hansen, R., McGennis, B., Prowell, B. and Stonex, A. (2000). "Current and future uses of non-bituminous components of bituminous paving mixtures", Transportation in the New Millennium. Washington (USA): TRB A2D02. Hashemi, S. M., Latifi Namin, M. (2012). "The study of the effect of temperature, binder content and compaction on resilient modulus of HMA", Journal of Civil and Surveying Engineering, 45(7), 791-802. Huang, H. and White, T.D. (1996). "Dynamic properties of fiber-modified overlay mixture", Transportation Research Record No.1455, TRB, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 98-104. Isacsson, U. and Zeng, H. (1998). "Low-temperature cracking of polymer-modified asphalt", Journal of Materials and Structures, 31(1), 58-63. Jahromi, S. and Khodaii, A. (2008). “Carbon fiber reinforced asphalt concrete”, Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering, 32(2B), 355-364.  Liu, Y.L., Hsu, C.Y., Wei, W.L. and Jeng, R.J. (2003). "Preparation and thermal properties of epoxy–silica nanocomposites from nanoscale colloidal silica", Polymer, 44 (20), 123-129.  Maurer, D.A. and Gerald, M. (1989). "Field performance of fabrics and fibers to retard reflective cracking", Transportation Research Record, 1248, 13-23.   Mohammad Yusoff, N.I., Saleh Breem, A.B., Alattug, H.N.M., Hamim, A. and Ahmad, J. (2015). "The effects of moisture susceptibility and ageing conditions on nano-silica/polymer-modified asphalt mixtures", Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 72, 139-147.  Park, P., Rew, Y. and Baranikumar, A. (2014). ”Controlling conductivity of asphalt concrete with graphite”, Report No. SWUTC/14/600451-00025-1, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas, USA. Putman, B.J. and Amirkhanian, S.N. (2004). "Utilization of waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42(3), 265-274.  Tapkin, S. (2008). "The effect of polypropylene fibers on asphalt performance", Building and Environment, 43(6), 1065-1071.   Sadeque, M. and Patil, K.A. (2013). "Rheological properties of recycled low density polyethylene and polypropylene modified bitumen”, International Journal of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, 2(2), 24-26. Samsonov, M.V. and Gureev, A.A. (2013). "Feasibility of modifying properties of road asphalts with polyethylene and plasticizers", Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 49(5), 420-424. Shafabahsh, G.H. and Jafari Ani, O. (2015). "Experimental investigation of effect of nano TiO2/SiO2 modified bitumen on the rutting and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag aggregates", Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 98, 692-702.    Shafabakhsh, G.H., Mirabdolazimi, S.M., Sadeghinejad, M. (2015). "Evaluation the effect of nano-TiO2 on the rutting and fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures", Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 54, 566-572. Sengoz, B. and Isikyakar, G. (2008), "Analysis of styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer modified bitumen using fluorescent microscopy and conventional test methods", Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150(2), 424-432.  Sheeba, J. B. and Rohini, A.K. (2014). "Structural and thermal analysis of asphalt solar collector using Finite Element method", Journal of Energy, Dec., 1-9. Wu, S., Ye, Q., Li, N. and Yue, H. (2007). "Effects of fibers on the dynamic properties of asphalt mixtures", Journal of Wuhan University of Technology – Material Science, 22(4), 733-736.   Wu, S., Liu, X., Ye, Q. and Li, N. (2006). "Self-monitoring electrically conductive asphalt-based composite with carbon fillers”, Transactions of Nanferrous Metals Society of China, 16(2), 512-516.  
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.005 Materials and Durability The Influence of Ultrafine Filler Materials on Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of Concrete The Influence of Ultrafine Filler Materials on Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Madani Hesam Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Ramezanianpour Ali Akbar Professor, Concrete Technology and Durability Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology. Shahbazinia Masoud Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Bokaeian Vahid Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Ahari Shahin Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 01 12 2016 49 2 251 262 19 12 2015 04 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59630.html

This paper aims at investigating the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement with ultrafine fillers compared to limestone powder on the durability and mechanical characteristics of concrete. For this purpose, ultrafine calcium carbonate materials with different specific surface areas of 9.7 and 15.1 m2/g and limestone powder (0.72 m2/g) were used. The results indicate that the ultrafine fillers enhanced the durability properties compared to the mixtures containing limestone. For instance, ultrafine fillers provided up to 20% higher concrete surface resistivity and 20% lower rapid chloride migration test (RCMT) coefficient, while limestone mixes showed equal or even lower durability levels compared to the plain mixture with 0% supplementary cementitious materials. The influence of filler materials on the compressive strength was not significant. However, regardless of the surface area, incorporating filler materials at levels up to 5% led to somewhat higher compressive strengths compared to the plain mixture. Generally, it seems that using finer fillers may lead to more durable concrete mixes.

 Concrete Mixture durability Limestone Powder Strength Ultrafine Filler AASHTO TP 95-11. (2011). “Surface resistivity indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Washington, DC. ACI Committee 234. (2006). ACI 234-06: Guide for the use of silica fume in concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ASTM C642. (1997). “Standard test method for density, absorption and voids in hardened concrete”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 04(02), West Conshohocken, PA. Bederina, M., Makhloufi, Z., and Bouzuiani, T. (2011). “Effect of limestone fillers on the physic-mechanical properties of limestone concrete”, Physics Procedia, 21, 28-34. Camiletti, J., Soliman, A.M. and Nehdi, M.L. (2013). “Effects of nano-and micro-limestone addition on early age properties of ultra – high performance concrete”, Materials and Structures, 46(6), 881-898. Celik, K., Jackson, M.D., Mancio, M., Meral, C., Emwas, A.H., Mehta, P.K., and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2014). “High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacement for Portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 45(1), 136-147. Dadash, P. and Ramezanianpour, A.A. (2014). “Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Containing Pumice and Metakaolin”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2), 229-238. De Larrard, F. (1999). Concrete mixture proportioning, A scientific approach, E and FN Spon, London. Dyer, T. (2014). Concrete durability, CRC Press, Boca Raton. EN 197-1. (2000). “Cement – Part 1. Composition, specifications and uniformity criteria for common cements”, European Committee for Standardization. Gjorv, O.D. (2014). Durability design of concrete structures in severe environment, Taylor & Francis, New York. Kawashima, S., Hou, P., Corr, D. and Shah, S. (2013). “Modification of cement-based materials with nanoparticles”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 36(2), 8-15. Lawrence, P., Cyr, M. and Ringot, E. (2005). “Mineral admixtures in mortars. Effect of type, amount and fineness of fine constituents on compressive strength”, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1092-1105. Madani, H., Bagheri, A. and Parhizkar, T. (2012). “The pozzolanic reactivity of monodispersed Nano silica - hydrosols and their influence on the hydration characteristics of Portland cement”, Cement and concrete research, 42, 1563-1570. Madani, H., Bagheri, A. and Parhizkar, T. (2014). “The electrical resistivity and chloride resistance of concretes containing the Nano silica hydrosols”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 53, 18-24. Meddah, M.S., Lambachiya, M. and Dhir, K. (2014). “Potential use of binary and composite limestone cements in concrete production”, Construction and Building Materials, 58(5), 193-205. NT BUILD 492. (1999). Concrete, mortar and cement-based repair materials: chloride migration coefficient from non-steady-state migration experiments, Nordtest Publication, Espoo, Finland. Qian, K., Tao, M., Xiao-Qian, Q. and Shu-Lin, Z. (2009). “Research on some properties of fly ash concrete with nano-CaCO3 middle slurry”, Key Engineering Materials, 405, 186-190. Ramezanianpour, A.A. (2013). Cement replacement materials: properties, durability, sustainability, Springer London Limited, London. Ramezanianpour, A.A., Ghiasvand, E., Nickseresht, I., Mahdikhani, M. and Moodi, F. (2009). “Influence of various amounts of limestone powder on performance of Portland limestone cement concretes”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(10), 715-720. Tarighat A. and Jalaifar, F. (2014). “Assessing the performance of corroding RC bridge decks: A critical review of corrosion propagation models”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2), 173-186. Tsivilis, S., Chaniotakis, E., Kakali, G. and Batis, G. (2002). “An analysis of the properties of portland limestone cements and concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 24(3), 371-8. Vuk, T., Tinta, V., Gabrovslek, R. and Kauclicl, V. (2001). “The effects of limestone addition, clinker type and fineness on properties of Portland”, Cement and Concrete Research, 31(1), 135-139.
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.006 Analytical A Potential Method for Body and Surface Wave Propagation in Transversely Isotropic Half- and Full-Spaces A Potential Method for Body and Surface Wave Propagation in Transversely Isotropic Half- and Full-Spaces Raoofian Naeeni Mehdi K. N. Toosi University of technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics. Eskandari-Ghadi Morteza University of Tehran, Faculty of Civil Engineering. 01 12 2016 49 2 263 288 11 02 2016 19 09 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59631.html

The problem of propagation of plane wave including body and surface waves propagating in a transversely isotropic half-space with a depth-wise axis of material symmetry is investigated in details. Using the advantage of representation of displacement fields in terms of two complete scalar potential functions, the coupled equations of motion are uncoupled and reduced to two independent equations for potential functions. In this paper, the secular equations for determination of body and surface wave velocities are derived in terms of both elasticity coefficients and the direction of propagation. In particular, the longitudinal, transverse and Rayleigh wave velocities are determined in explicit forms. It is also shown that in transversely isotropic materials, a Rayleigh wave may propagate in different manner from that of isotropic materials. Some numerical results for synthetic transversely isotropic materials are also illustrated to show the behavior of wave motion due to anisotropic nature of the problem.

 P-Wave Rayleigh wave Scalar Potential Function SH-Wave SV-Wave Transverse Isotropy Amiri-Hezaveh, A., Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Rahimian, M. and Gharbani-Tanha, A.K. (2013). “Impedance functions for surface rigid rectangular foundations on transversely isotropic multilayer half-spaces”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 80(5), 051017-1 to 051017-12. Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A., Eskandari-Ghadi, M. (2010). “Semi-analytic method for a tri-material transversely isotropic full-space in frequency domain”, Journal of Civil and Surveying Engineering, 44(1), 13-25.  Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A., Eskandari-Ghadi, M., and Vaseghi-Amiri, J. (2013). “Analytical solution for a two-layer transversely isotropic half-space affected by an Arbitrary shape dynamic surface load”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(1), 1-14. Chadwick, P. (1988). “Wave propagation in transversely isotropic elastic media. I. homogenous plane wave”, Proceeding of Royal Society of London A, 422, 23-66. Chadwick, P. (1989). “Wave propagation in transversely isotropic elastic media, II: Surface waves”, Proceeding of Royal Society of London A, 422, 67-101 Eskandari-Ghadi, M. (2005). “A complete solution of the wave equations for transversely isotropic media”, Journal of Elasticity, 81(1), 1-19. Eskandari-Ghadi, M. and Sattar, S. (2009), “Axisymmetric transient waves in transversely isotropic half-space”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(2), 347-355. Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Ardeshir-Begrestaghi, A. (2011). “Elastodynamic scalar potential functions in cylindrical coordinate systems”, Journal of Civil and Surveying Engineering, 45(2), 125-266. Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Fallahi, M. and Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A. (2010). “Forced vertical vibration of rigid circular disc on a transversely isotropic half-space”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 136(7), 913-922.  Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Hassanpour-Chermahini, A. and Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A. (2014). “A method of function space for vertical impedance function of a circular rigid foundation on a transversely isotropic ground”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(1), 13-27. Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Mirzapour, A. and Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A. (2011). “Rocking vibration of rigid circular disc in a transversely isotropic full-space”, Journal of Numerical Analytical Methods in. Geomechanics, 35(14), 1587-1603 Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Mirzapour, M. and Ardeshir-Behrestaghi, A. (2012). “Interaction of rocking vibration of a buried rigid circular disc and a two-layer transversely isotropic half-space”, Scientia Iranica, 20(1), 1-14. Graff, K.F. (1991). Wave motion in elastic solids, Dover Publication Inc, New York. Hu, H.C. (1953). “On the three dimensional problems of the theory of elasticity of a transversely isotropic body”, Scientia Sinica Mathematica, 2, 145-151.  Kirkner, J. (1982). “Vibration of a rigid disc on a transversely isotropic elastic half space”, Journal of Numerical and Analytical Method in Geomechanics, 6(3), 293-306. Lekhnitskii, S. G. (1981). Theory of anisotropic elastic bodies, Holden-Day Publishing Co, San Francisco, California. Miklowitz, J. (1978). Theory of elastic waves and waveguides, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Raoofian Naeeni, M., Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Ardalan, A. A., Sture, S. and Rahimian, M. (2015a). “Transient response of a thermoelastic half-space to mechanical and thermal buried sources”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (ZAMM), 95(4), 354-376. Raoofian Naeeni, M., Eskandari-Ghadi, M., Ardalan, A. A., Pak, R. Y. S., Rahimian, M. and Hayati, Y. (2015b). “Coupled thermo-viscoelasto-dynamic Green's functions for bi-material half space”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (ZAMM), 95(3), 260-282. Raoofian Naeeni, M. and Eskandari-Ghadi, M. (2016). “Analytical solution of the asymmetric transient wave in a transversely isotropic half-space due to both buried and surface impulses”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 81, 42-57. Slawinski, M.A. (2010). Waves and rays in elastic continua, World Scientific, ISBN: 978-981-4289-00-9 Sternberg E. and Gurtin, M.E. (1962), “On the completeness of certain stress functions in the linear theory of elasticity”, Proceedings of the fourth U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics, Technical Report, Brown University, 12, 793-797, Stoneley, R. (1949). “The seismological implications of aelotropy in continental structures”, Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices, Geophysical Supplement, London, England, 5(8), 343-353.
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.007 Seismic Evaluation An Energy Based Adaptive Pushover Analysis for Nonlinear Static Procedures An Energy Based Adaptive Pushover Analysis for Nonlinear Static Procedures Shayanfar Mohsenali Center of Excellence for Fundamental Studies in Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology Rakhshanimehr Mehrollah Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran Bidoki Reza Zare Center of Excellence for Fundamental Studies in Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology 01 12 2016 49 2 289 310 14 02 2016 19 09 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59632.html

Nonlinear static procedure (NSP) is a common technique to predict seismic demands on various building structures by subjecting a monotonically increasing horizontal loading (pushover) to the structure. Therefore, the pushover analysis is an important part of each NSP. Accordingly, the current paper aims at investigating the efficiencyof various algorithms of lateral load patterns applied to the structure in NSPs. In recent years, fundamental advances have been made in the NSPs to enhance the response of NSPs toward nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). Among the NSPs, the philosophy of “adaptive procedures” has been focused by many researchers. In the case of utilizing adaptive procedures, the use of incremental force vector considering the effects of higher modes of vibration and stiffness deteriorationsis possible and seems that it can lead to a good prediction of seismic response of structures. In this study, a new adaptive procedure called energy-based adaptive pushover analysis (EAPA) is implemented based on the work done by modal forces in each level of the structure during the analysis and is examined for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs). EAPA is inspired by force-based adaptive pushover (FAP) and story shear-based adaptive pushover (SSAP). FAP has applied modal forces directly into load patterns; SSAP, on the other hand, has implemented the energy method in system`s capacity curve for measuring the equivalent movement. EAPA has enforced the concept of energy directly in load pattern; so that by using the modal forces-movements an energy-based adaptive algorithm is obtained. Hence, the effects of higher modes, deterioration in stiffness and strength, and characteristics of a specific site are incorporated and reflected in applied forces on the structure. Results obtained from the method proposed a desirable accordance with the extracted results from NTHA over the height of the structure.

 Adaptive Pushover EAPA Procedure Seismic Response SMRF Structures Stiffness Deterioration Abbasnia, R., Davoudi, A.T. and Maddah, M.M. (2013). "An adaptive pushover procedure based on effective modal mass combination rule", Engineering Structures 52, 654-666.  Albanesi, T., Biondi, S. and Petrangeli, M. (2002). "Pushover analysis: An energy based approach.", Proceedings of  the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, United Kingdom. Amini, M.A. and Poursha, M. (2016). "A non-adaptive displacement-based pushover procedure for the nonlinear static analysis of tall building frames", Engineering Structures, 126, 586-597. Antoniou S. and Pinho, R. (2004b). “Development and verification of a displacement-based adaptive pushover procedure”, Journal of  Earthquake Engineering, 8(5), 643-661. Antoniou, S. and Pinho, R. (2004a). "Advantages and limitations of adaptive and non-adaptive force-based pushover procedures", Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(4), 497-522. 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"Improved modal pushover analysis in seismic assessment of asymmetric plan buildings under the influence of one and two horizontal components of ground motions", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 87, 1-15. Bracci, J.M., Kunnath, S.K. and Reinhorn, A.M. (1997). "Seismic performance and retrofit evaluation of reinforced concrete structures", Journal of Structural Engineering, 123(1), 3-10. Camara, A. and Astiz, M. (2012). "Pushover analysis for the seismic response prediction of cable-stayed bridges under multi-directional excitation", Engineering Structures, 41, 444-455. Chopra, A.K. (2001). Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering, 2nd  Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, New Jersey, USA. Chopra, A.K. and Goel, R.K. (2002). "A modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating seismic demands for buildings", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 561-582. Chopra, A.K. and Goel, R.K. (2004). "A modal pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for unsymmetric plan buildings", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 33(8), 903-927. Chopra, A.K. Goel, R.K. and Chintanapakdee, C. (2004). "Evaluation of a modified MPA procedure assuming higher modes as elastic to estimate seismic demands", Earthquake Spectra, 20(3), 757-778. Elnashai,  A.S. and Sarno, L.Di. (2008). Fundamentals of earthquake engineering, Wiley, New York.  Eurocode 8,EN 1998-1. (2004).  Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. FEMA 356 . (2000). Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Prepared by: American Society of Civil Engineers , Reston, Virginia . FEMA 440 . (2005). Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures, Prepared for: Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. Ferracuti, B. Pinho, R. Savoia, M. and Francia, R. (2009). "Verification of displacement-based adaptive pushover through multi-ground motion incremental dynamic analyses", Engineering Structures, 31(8), 1789-1799. Giorgi, P. and Scotta, R. (2013). "Validation and improvement of N1 method for pushover analysis", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 55, 140-147. Gupta, A. and Krawinkler, H. (1999). "Seismic demands for performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frame structures", Report No. 132, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Hernandez-Montes, E. Kwon, O.S. and Aschheim, M.A. (2004). "An energy-based formulation for first-and multiple-mode nonlinear static (pushover) analyses", Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(1), 69-88. Izadinia, M. Rahgozar, M.A. and Mohammadrezaei, O. (2012). "Response modification factor for steel moment-resisting frames by different pushover analysis methods", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 79, 83-90. Jiang, Y., Li, G. and Yang, D. (2010). "A modified approach of energy balance concept based multimode pushover analysis to estimate seismic demands for buildings", Engineering Structures, 32(5), 1272-1283. Khoshnoudian,  F. and Kashani, M.M.B. (2012). "Assessment of modified consecutive modal pushover analysis for estimating the seismic demands of tall buildings with dual system considering steel concentrically braced frames”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 72, 155-167.  Krawinkler, H. (2000). "State of the art report on systems performance of steel moment frames subject to earthquake ground shaking",  Prepared for the SAC Joint Venture, Published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA-355 C, Washington, DC. Krawinkler, H. and Seneviratna, G. (1998). "Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation", Engineering Structures, 20(4), 452-464. Kunnath,  S. K. and Kalkan, E. (2004). "Evaluation of seismic deformation demands using nonlinear procedures in multistory steel and concrete moment frames", ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 41(1), 159-181. Lefort, T. (2000). "Advanced pushover analysis of RC multi-storey buildings", M.Sc. Dissertation, Imperial College, London. United Kingdom. López-Menjivar, M. (2004). "Verification of a displacement-based Adaptive Pushover method for assessment of 2-D Reinforced Concrete Buildings", Ph.D. Thesis, European School for Advances Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE School), University of Pavia, Italy. Malekzadeh, H. (2013). "Response modification factor of coupled steel shear walls", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(1), 15-26. Manoukas, G., Athanatopoulou, A. and Avramidis, I. (2012). "Multimode pushover analysis for asymmetric buildings under biaxial seismic excitation based on a new concept of the equivalent single degree of freedom system", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 38, 88-96. Mazza, F. (2014). "Modelling and nonlinear static analysis of reinforced concrete framed buildings irregular in plan", Engineering Structures, 80, 98-108. Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M.H. and Fenves, G.L. (2005). OpenSees command language manual, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center. Menegotto, M. and Pinto, E. (1973). "Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements under combined normal force and bending", IABSE Symposium on the Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads, Lisbon. Nguyen, A.H., Chintanapakdee, C. and Hayashikawa, T. (2010). "Assessment of current nonlinear static procedures for seismic evaluation of BRBF buildings", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 66(8), 1118-1127. NIST GCR 10-917-9 (2010). Applicability of nonlinear multiple-degree-of-freedom modeling for design, Prepared by the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture for the National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland Panyakapo, P. (2014). "Cyclic pushover analysis procedure to estimate seismic demands for buildings", Engineering Structures, 66, 10-23.  Poursha, M., Khoshnoudian and, F. Moghadam, A. (2011). "A consecutive modal pushover procedure for nonlinear static analysis of one-way unsymmetric-plan tall building structures", Engineering Structures, 33(9), 2417-2434. Poursha, M., Khoshnoudian, F. and Moghadam, A. (2009). "A consecutive modal pushover procedure for estimating the seismic demands of tall buildings", Engineering Structures, 31(2), 591-599. Poursha, M., Khoshnoudian, F. and Moghadam, A. (2014). 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"An adaptive modal pushover procedure for asymmetric-plan buildings", Engineering Structures, 36, 160-172.  Shayanfar, M.A., Zare Bidoki, R., Farhadi, B. and.Shahabi, S.M.A. (2012). "Assessment of various modeling parameters and their influence on seismic behavior of braced steel frame structures", 15th  World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal. Somerville P.G. and Venture S.A.C.J. (1997). "Development of ground motion time histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC steel project", SAC Joint Venture. Tarbali, K. and Shakeri, K. (2014). "Story shear and torsional moment-based pushover procedure for asymmetric-plan buildings using an adaptive capacity spectrum method", Engineering Structures, 79, 32-44.  Tarta, G. and Pintea, A. (2012). "Seismic evaluation of multi-storey moment-resisting steel frames with stiffness irregularities using standard and advanced pushover methods", Procedia Engineering, 40, 445-450. Uriz, P and Stephen, A .M. (2008). 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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.008 Environmental Science and Engineering Probabilistic Contaminant Source Identification in Water Distribution Infrastructure Systems Probabilistic Contaminant Source Identification in Water Distribution Infrastructure Systems Barandouzi Mehdy Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Falls Church, USA. Kerachian Reza School of Civil Engineering and Center of Excellence for Engineering and Management of Civil Infrastructures, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IRAN 01 12 2016 49 2 311 326 28 03 2016 09 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59633.html

Large water distribution systems can be highly vulnerable to penetration of contaminant factors caused by different means including deliberate contamination injections. As contaminants quickly spread into a water distribution network, rapid characterization of the pollution source has a high measure of importance for early warning assessment and disaster management. In this paper, a methodology based on Probabilistic Support Vector Machines (PSVMs) is proposed for identifying the contamination source location in drinking water distribution systems. To obtain the required data for training the PSVMs, several computer simulations have been performed over multiple combinations of possible contamination source locations and initial mass injections for a conservative solute. Then the trained probabilistic SVMs have been effectively utilized to identify the upstream zones that are more likely to have the positive detection results. In addition, the results of this method were compared and contrasted with Bayesian Networks (BNs) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs). The efficiency and versatility of the proposed methodology were examined using the available data and information from water distribution network of the City of Arak in the western part of Iran.

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(2009). “Real-time identification of possible contamination sources using network backtracking methods”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136(4), 444-453. Eliades, D.G., Lambrou, T.P., Panayiotou, C.G. and Polycarpou, M.M. (2014). “Contamination event detection in water distribution systems using a model-based approach”, 16th Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis, WDSA, Bari, Italy. Guan, J., Aral, M.M., Maslia, M.L., Maslia, and Grayman, W.M. (2006). “Identification of contaminant sources in water distribution systems using simulation–optimization method: Case study”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 132(4), 252-262. Guidorzi, M., Franchini, M., and Alvisi, S. (2009). “A multi-objective approach for detecting and responding to accidental and intentional contamination events in water distribution systems”, Urban Water Journal, 6(2), 115-135. Gupta, R. and Sayyed, M.A.H.A. (2013). “Predicting deficient condition performance of water distribution networks”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(2), 161-173. Hart, W.E. and Murray, R. (2010). “Review of sensor placement strategies for contamination warning systems in drinking water distribution systems”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136(6), 611-619. Hosseini, S.M. and Mahjouri, N. (2016). “Integrating support vector regression and a geomorphologic artificial neural network for daily rainfall-runoff modeling”, Applied Soft Computing, 38, 329-345. Hugin  Expert A/S (2007). Hugin® Software, Aalborg, Denmark. Islam, M.R., Chandhry, M.H., and Clark, R.M. (1997). “Inverse modelling of chlorine concentration in pipe networks under dynamic condition”, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 123(10), 1033-1040. Isovitsch, S. L., and VanBriesen, J. M. (2008). “Sensor placement and optimization criteria dependencies in a water distribution system”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, 134(2), 186-196. Kessler, A., Ostfeld, A., and Sinai, G. (1998). “Detecting accidental contaminations in municipal water networks”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, 124(4), 192-198. Laird, C.D., Biegler, L.T., van Bloemen Waanders, B.G. and Bartlett, R.A. (2005). “Contamination source determination for water networks”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 131(2), 125-134. Lin, C. (2008). “A library for Support Vector Machines-LIBSVM”, (http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin). Malekmohamadi, I, Bazargan-Lari, M.R., Kerachian, R., Nikoo, M.R., (2011). “Evaluating the efficacy of SVMs, BNs, ANNs and ANFIS in wave height prediction”, Ocean Engineering, 38(2), 487-497. Malekmohammadi, B., Kerachian R., & Zahraie, B. 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(2013). “Classification using different normalization techniques in Support Vector Machine”, International Conference on Communication Technology, 17-19 November, Guilin, China. Pearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: Networks of plausible inference, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA, USA. Preis, A., and Ostfeld, A. (2006). “Contamination source identification in water systems: A hybrid model trees–linear programming scheme”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE,132(4), 263-273. Rathi, S., and Gupta, R. (2015). “Optimal sensor locations for contamination detection in pressure-deficient water distribution networks using genetic algorithm”, Urban Water Journal, Oct., 1-13. Rathi, S., Gupta, R., and Ormsbee, L. (2015). “A review of sensor placement objective metrics for contamination detection in water distribution networks”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 15(5), 898-917. Rathi, S., Gupta, R. 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The nature of statistical learning theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA. Wu, T.F., Lin, C.J. and Weng, R.C. (2004). “Probability estimates for multi-class classification by pairwise coupling”, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 5, 975-1005. Yusta, J.M., Correa, G.J. and Lacal-Arantegui, R. (2011). “Methodologies and applications for critical infrastructure protection: State-of-the-art”, Energy Policy, 39(10), 6100-6119. Zechman, E.M. (2011). “Agent-based modeling to simulate contamination events and evaluate threat management strategies in water distribution systems”, Risk Analysis, 31 (5), 758-772.
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.009 Reliability and Risk Analysis Probability Assessment and Risk Management of Progressive Collapse in Strategic Buildings Facing Blast Loads Probability Assessment and Risk Management of Progressive Collapse in Strategic Buildings Facing Blast Loads Abdollahzadeh Gholamreza Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol University of Technology Nemati Marzieh Babol University of Technology Avazeh Mehrdad Babol University of Technology 01 12 2016 49 2 327 338 18 11 2014 23 02 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59634.html

Nowadays, as a result of increased terrorist and bomb attacks throughout the globe in the vicinity of strategic buildings, designing these structures against impact loads, particularly the blast-related ones, has been taken into more consideration. The current procedure for designing the structure against an explosion is a design against the local failure of the current elements in the first step and then, in the next step, against local damage as well as tactful thinking to prevent this damage from spreading to other parts of the structure. The present research investigates the impacts of explosives, derived from probable terror–stricken scenarios inside and outside a strategic four-story steel building with a special moment frame system. Then, the resistive capacity of the damaged building (due to blast) has been evaluated against the progressive collapse, and finally, the rate of the collapse risk and the reliability of the structure have been obtained by presenting a probable method. Thus, the vulnerable parts inside and outside the building are identified and safety measures have been determined, so that in case of no safety or excessive collapse risk- access to dangerous parts of the building could be reinforced or limited. Results show that progressive collapse probability and reliability of the building are 57% and 43% respectively.

 Blast Load Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis Progressive Collapse Risk Assessment Strategic Building ABAQUS/CAE version 10.1. (2010). Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen Inc., Pawtucket, R.I. Abdollahzadeh G.R. and Faghihmaleki H. (2016a). “Effect of seismic improvement techniques on a structure in seismic-explosive probabilistic two-hazard risk”, International Journal of Structural Engineering, 7(3), 314-331. Abdollahzadeh G.R. and Faghihmaleki H. (2016b). “Seismic-explosion risk-based robustness index of structures”, International Journal of Damage Mechanics, DOI:10.1177/1056789516651919. Abdollahzadeh G.R. and Nemati M. (2014). “Risk Assessment of Structures Subjected to Blast”, International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 23(1), 3-24. Abdollahzadeh, G.R., Sazjini, M. and Asghari, A. (2015). “Seismic fragility assessment of Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF) using the capacity spectrum method”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 48(1), 1-8. ANSI/AISC 360-05 (2005). An American national standard, specification for structural steel buildings, American Institute of Steel. Construction, Chicago, Illinois. Asprone, D., Jalayer, F., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G. (2010). “Proposal of a pobabilistic model for multi-hazard risk assessment of structures in seismic zones subjected to blast for the limit state of collapse”, International Journal of Structural Safety, 32(1), 25-34. Bangash, M.Y.H. and Bangash, T. (2006). Explosion-resistant buildings, design, analysis, and case studies, Springer. Brode, H.L. (1959). “Blast wave from a spherical charge”, The Physics of Fluids, Hydrodynamics Cambridge, The American Institute of Physics. Cizelj, L., Leskovar, M., ˇCepin, M. and Mavko, B. (2009). “A method for rapid vulnerability assessment of structures loaded by outside blasts”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 239, 1641-1646.  Cullis, I.G., Schofield, J. and Whitby, A. (2010) “Assessment of blast loading effects e types of explosion and loading effects”, Pressure Vessels and Piping, 87, 493-503. Dusenberry, D.O. (2010). Handbook for blast -resistant design of buildings, John Wiley & Sons, INC. Ellingwood, B.R. (2006). “Mitigating risk from abnormal loads and progressive collapse”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(4), 315-23. FEMA-426 (2003). “Reference manual to mitigate potential terrorist attacks against buildings”, Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA-356 (2000). Standard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Godinho, J., Montalva, A. and Gallant, Sh. (2007) “Analysis of steel columns for air blast-loads”, Structure Magazine, November, 13-14. Maleki, M. and Rahmaniyan, S. (2011). Guide for Finite Element software, ABAQUS, Simaye Danesh Publication, Tehran, Iran. Nowak, A.S. and Collins, K.R. (2000). Reliability of structures, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Portland. Rong, H.C. and Li, B. (2007). “Probabilistic response evaluation for RC flexural members subjected to blast loadings”, Structural Safety, 29(2) 146-163.  Shi, Y., Li, Z.X. and Hao, H. (2010). “A new method for progressive collapse analysis of RC frames under blast loading”, Engineering Structures, 32(6), 1691-1703.  Stewart, M.G., Netherton, M.D. and Rosowsky, D.V. (2006). “Terrorism risks and blast damage to built infrastructure”, Natural Hazards Review, ASCE, 7(3), 114-122. Stewart, M.G. and Netherton, M.D. (2008). “Security risks and probabilistic risk assessment of glazing subject to explosive blast loading”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 93(4), 627-638.  Tavakoli, H.R. and Kiakojouri, F. (2015). “Threat independent column removal and fire-induced progressive collapse: Numerical study and comparison”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 48(1), 121-131. UFC, Unified Facilities Criteria (2008). “Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions”, Department of Defense United States of American, 5 December. UFC, Unified Facilities Criteria (2009). “Design of building to resist progressive collapse”, Department of Defense, United States of American, 14 July. Zahrai, S.M. and Ezoddin, A. (2014). “Numerical study of progressive collapse in intermediate moment resisting reinforced concrete frame due to column removal”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(1), 71-88.
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.010 Hydraulics Managing Disasters Using Pressure Dependent Demand Analysis – Case Study of Shirpur Town Managing Disasters Using Pressure Dependent Demand Analysis – Case Study of Shirpur Town Mulay Madhuri Rahul R.K.N.E.C. Engineering College, Nagpur, India Kadu Mahendra S Head and Professor, R.K.N.E.C. Engineering College, Nagpur, India Dahasahasra Sanjay V Former Member Secretary, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran,(water Supply Department, government of Maharashtra) Mumbai, and Former President, Indian Water Works Association, Mumbai, India 01 12 2016 49 2 339 346 13 07 2015 19 09 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59635.html

Water is the most essential component for sustaining lives of humans and other living creatures. Supplying potable water with adequate residual pressure is a fundamental responsibility of city administration, which they do during normal conditions. But sometimes, abnormal conditions are formed resulting pressure deficient conditions during the daily operations of water distribution networks. These are caused due to common occurrences such as pump failure, pipe bursts, and isolation of major pipes from the system for planned maintenance work and excessive firefighting demands. Total water stop conditions may arise, when the major source supplying water to the city fails in natural disaster such as floods, Tsunami, earthquake or manmade disaster such as terrorist attack. Unlike the pipe failure, longer time is required for restoring water in case of source failure condition. In such situations, the quantity of water is generally decreased and the water distribution systems (WDS) may not be able to satisfy all consumers’ demands. In this context, the assumption that all demands are fully satisfied regardless of the pressure in the system becomes unreasonable. A realistic behavior of the network performance can only be attained by considering demands to be pressure dependent. This paper aims to describe how pressure dependent demand analysis is useful for the simulation of disaster scenario due to source failure of the Shirpur town. The simulation of failure scenario is carried out using WaterGEMs software. The paper also aims to prepare the action plans for the recovery of water supply in such crisis conditions.

 Demand-Driven Analysis Disaster Disaster Management Plan Hydraulic Model Pressure Dependent Demand Abdy Sayyed, M.A.H. and Gupta, R. (2013). “Predicting deficient condition performance of water distribution networks”, Civil Engineering Infrastructure Journal, 46(2), 161-173. Abdy Sayyed, M.A.H., Gupta, R. and Tanyimboh, T.T. (2014). “Modelling pressure deficient water distribution networks in EPANET”, Procedia Engineering, 89, 626-631. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO). (1999). Manual on water supply and treatment, Ministry of Urban Development, 3rd Edition. India Census. (2011). www.censusindia.gov.in Islam, M.S., Sadiq, R., Rodriguez,M. J., Najjaran, H., and Hoorfar, M. (2014). “Reliability assessment for water supply systems under uncertainties”, J. Water Resources Planning Management, 140(4), 468-479.  Laucelli, D., Berardi, L., Giustolisi, O. (2012). “Assessing climate change and asset deterioration impacts on water distribution networks: Demand-driven or pressure-driven network modeling?”, Environmental Modelling & Software, 37, 206-216.    Mani, A., Tabesh, M., and Zolfaghari, M.R. (2013). “Hydraulic performance of post-earthquake water distribution networks based on head driven simulation method”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(5), 1281-1288. Rasekh, A., and Brumbelow, K. (2014). “Drinking water distribution systems contamination management to reduce public health impacts and system service interruptions”, Environmental Modelling & Software, 51, 12-25.   Seyoum A.G. and Tanyimboh, T.T. (2014) “Practical Application of pressure-dependent EPANET extension”, Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Hydro informatics, New York City, USA. Shirzad, A., Tabesh, M., Farmani, R. and Mohammadi, M. (2013). “Pressure-discharge relations with application to head-driven simulation of water distribution networks”, J. Water Resources Planning. Management, 39(6), 660-670.   Shivkumar, P. and Prasad, R.K. (2014). “Simulation of water distribution network under pressure-deficient condition”, Water Resources Planning Management, 28(10), 3271-3290 Shrivastava, M., Khare, R. and Prasad, V. (2014), “Effect of pressure dependent demand on pipe network analysis: A case study”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), 6(1), 7. Suribabu, C.R. and Neelakantan, T.R. (2011), “Balancing reservoir based approach for solution to pressure deficient water distribution networks”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 2(2), 648-656. Tabesh, M., Tanyimboh, T.T., and Burrows, R. (2002). “Head-driven simulation of water supply networks”, International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, 15(1), 11-22. Tabesh, M., Shirzad, A., Arefkhani, V. and Mani, A. (2014). “A comparative study between modified and available demand driven based models for head driven analysis of water distribution networks”, Urban Water Journal, 11(3), 221-230 Tanyimboh T.T. and Templeman A.B. (2010). “Seamless pressure deficient water distribution   system model”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water Management, 163(8), 389-396.   Todini, E. (2006). “Towards realistic Extended Period Simulations (EPS) in looped pipe network”, 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (WDSA), Reston, VA, United States. Yi Wu, Zh. and Walski, T.M. (2006). “Pressure dependent hydraulic modelling for water distribution system under abnormal conditions”, IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, Beijing, China. Yi Wu, Zh., Wang, R.H., Walski, T.M., Yang, Sh.Y., Bowdler, D. and Baggett, Ch.C. (2006). “Efficient pressure dependent demand model for large water distribution system analysis”, 8th Annual International Symposium on Water Distribution System Analysis, Reston, VA, USA. Yi Wu, Z. (2012). "Efficient method for pressure dependent water distribution analysis", United States Patent, Patent Number: US008175859B1.
Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.011 Analytical Investigation of Utilizing a Secant Stiffness Matrix for 2D Nonlinear Shape Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis Investigation of Utilizing a Secant Stiffness Matrix for 2D Nonlinear Shape Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis Vatani Oskouie Asghar Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University Havaran Amin Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran 01 12 2016 49 2 347 359 08 01 2016 18 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59636.html

In this article the general non-symmetric parametric form of the incremental secant stiffness matrix for nonlinear analysis of solids have been investigated to present a semi analytical sensitivity analysis approach for geometric nonlinear shape optimization. To approach this aim the analytical formulas of secant stiffness matrix are presented. The models were validated and used to perform investigating different parameters affecting the shape optimization. Numerical examples utilized for this investigating sensitivity analysis with detailed discussions presented.

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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 10.7508/ceij.2016.02.012 Hydraulics Scale Effects on the Discharge Coefficient of Ogee Spillway with an Arc in Plan and Converging Training Walls Scale Effects on the Discharge Coefficient of Ogee Spillway with an Arc in Plan and Converging Training Walls Saneie Mojtaba Research Deputy of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute SheikhKazemi Jalal MSc. Hydraulic Structure Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan & Baluchestan Azhdary Moghaddam Mehdi Associate Prof., Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 01 12 2016 49 2 361 374 01 02 2016 18 10 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59637.html

Dam spillways are the structures that lead rightly and safely the outflow downstream, so that the dam integrity can be guaranteed. Many accidents with dams have been caused by an inadequate spillway design or insufficient capacity. To accurately respond the hydraulic spillways, designers use physical modeling for designing this kind of structures. The scale effect in the spillway modeling, as a result, leads to the difference between the measured data and the prototype. In this study, an experimental model of Germi-Chay Mianeh dam spillway was made in three 1:100, 1:75, and 1:50 scales. Then, the water level in upstream of the spillway crest was measured in seven discharges and compared to 1:50 scale (basic scale), the percentage of water level difference on the crest was calculated in two physical models with 1:100 and 1:75 scales. Results revealed that as the scales of ogee spillway with an arc in plan and converging training walls decrease using Froude simulation, the effect of viscosity and surface tension increase in turn resulting in decreasing discharge coefficient. In this study, the scale effect in discharge coefficient ogee spillway was stated with K' equation. Using model family approved that the minimum Reynolds and Weber numbers which are 3.1×104 and 270, respectively indicated the minimum scale effect and thus, it is possible to avoid the effect of viscosity and surface tension in ogee spillway with an arc in plan and with converging training walls. Moreover, results obtained from the small scale which has been simulated using Froude simulation could be extrapolated to the prototype.

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Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J. University of Tehran Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 2322-2093 University of Tehran 7 unavailable Reviewers 01 12 2016 49 2 375 377 07 12 2016 07 12 2016 Copyright © 2016, University of Tehran. 2016 https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_59638.html

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