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1 - An Adaptive Physics-Based Method for the Solution of One-Dimensional Wave Motion Problems https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55701.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.001 1 In this paper, an adaptive physics-based method is developed for solving wave motion problems in one dimension (i.e., wave propagation in strings, rods and beams). The solution of the problem includes two main parts. In the first part, after discretization of the domain, a physics-based method is developed considering the conservation of mass and the balance of momentum. In the second part, adaptive points are determined using the wavelet theory. This part is done employing the Deslauries-Dubuc (D-D) wavelets. By solving the problem in the first step, the domain of the problem is discretized by the same cells taking into consideration the load and characteristics of the structure. After the first trial solution, the D-D interpolation shows the lack and redundancy of points in the domain. These points will be added or eliminated for the next solution. This process may be repeated for obtaining an adaptive mesh for each step. Also, the smoothing spline fit is used to eliminate the noisy portion of the solution. Finally, the results of the proposed method are compared with the results available in the literature. The comparison shows excellent agreement between the obtained results and those already reported. 0 - 217 234 - - Masoud Shafiei Ph.D., Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran masoud.shafiei44@gmail.com - - Naser Khaji Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran naserkhaji14@yahoo.com Adaptive solution Deslauries-Dubuc wavelets Multi-resolution analysis Physics-based solution Smoothing splines Chopard, B. (1990). “A cellular automata model of large-scale moving objects”, Journal of Physics A, 23(10), 1671-1687.##Chopard, B. and Droz, M. (1988). “Cellular automata approach to non-equilibrium phase transitions in surface reaction model: static and dynamic properties”, Journal of Physics A, 21(1), 205-211.##Chopard, B., Droz, M. and Kolb, M. (1989). “Cellular automata a roach to non-equilibrium diffusion and gradient percolation”, Journal of Physics A, 22, 1609-1619.##Chopard, B., Luthi, P.O. and Queloz, P.A. (1996). “Cellular automata model for car traffic in two-dimensional street networks”, Journal of Physics A, 29, 2325-2336. Courant, R., Friedrichs, K. and Lewy, H. (1928). “About the partial differential equations of mathematical physics (in German)”, Mathematische Annalen, 100, 32-74.##Cruz, P., Mendes, A. and Magalhães, F.D. (2001). “Using wavelets for solving PDEs: an adaptive collocation method”, Chemical Engineering Science, 56(10), 3305-3309.##Deslauriers, G. and Dubuc, S. (1989). “Symmetric iterative interpolation processes”, Constructive Approximation, 5, 49-68.##Donoho, D.L. (1992). Interpolating wavelet transforms tech, Report 408, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A. Fourier, J.B. (1822). The analytical theory of heat, Chez Firmin Didot, pere et fils, Paris, France, (in French).##Frisch, U., d’Humieres, D., Hasslacher, B., Lallemand, P., Pomeau, Y. and Rivet, J.P. (1987). “Lattice gas hydrodynamics in two and three dimensions”, Complex Systems, 1(4), 649-707.##Jameson, L.M. (1998). “A wavelet-optimized, very high order adaptive grid and order numerical method”, SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 19(6), 1980-2013.##Holmström, M. (1999). “Solving hyperbolic PDEs using interpolating wavelets”, SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 21(2), 405-420.##Hopman, R.K. and Leamy, M.J. (2011). “Triangular cellular automata for computing two-dimensional elastodynamic response on arbitrary domains”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 78(2), 1115-1132.##Kawamura, S., Shirashige, M. and Iwatsubo, T. (2005). “Simulation of the nonlinear vibration of a string using the cellular automation method”, Journal of Applied Acoustics, 66(1), 77-87.##Kawamura, S., Yoshida, T., Minamoto, H. and Hossain, Z. (2006). “Simulation of the nonlinear vibration of a string using the cellular automata based on the reflection rule”, Journal of Applied Acoustics, 67(2), 93-105.##Kwon, Y.W. and Hosoglu, S. (2008). “Application of lattice Boltzmann method, finite element method, and cellular automata and their coupling to wave propagation problems”, Computers and Structures, 86(7), 663-670.##Leamy, M.J. (2008). “Application of cellular automata modeling to seismic elastodynamics”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 45(17), 4835-4849.##Liu, Y., Cameron, I.T. and Wang, F.Y. (2000). “The wavelet collocation method for transient problems with steep gradients”, Chemical Engineering Science, 55(9), 1729-1734. Mallat, S. (1999). A wavelet tour of signal processing, Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.##Reinsch, C.H. (1971). “Smoothing by spline functions II”, Numerische Mathematik, 16(5), 451–454.##Rothman, D.H. (1987). “Modeling seismic P-waves with cellular automata”, Geophysical Research Letters, 14(1), 17-20.##Schreckenburg, M., Schadschneider, A., Nagel, K. and Ito, N. (1995). “Discrete stochastic models for traffic flow”, Physical Review E, 51(4), 2939-2949. Timoshenko, S. (1953). History of strength of materials, McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.##Timoshenko, S., Young, D.H. and Weaver, W. (1974). Vibration problems in engineering, Wiley, New York, U.S.A.##Vasilyev, O.V. and Paolucci, S. (1996). “A dynamically adaptive multilevel wavelet collocation method for solving partial differential equations in a finite domain”, Journal of Computational Physics, 125(2), 498-512.##von Neumann, J. (1966). Theory of self-reproducing automata, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, U.S.A.##Wolfram, S. (2002). A new kind of science, Wolfram media, U.S.A.##Yang, K. (2008). “A unified solution for longitudinal wave propagation in an elastic rod”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 314(1), 307-329.##

1 - Dynamic Analysis of Cylindrically Layered Structures Reinforced by Carbon Nanotube Using MLPG Method https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55702.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.002 1 This paper deals with the dynamic analysis of stress field in cylindrically layeredstructures reinforced by carbon nanotube (CLSRCN) subjected to mechanical shock loading.Application of meshless local integral equations based on meshless local Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG) method is developed for dynamic stress analysis in this article. Analysis is carriedout in frequency domain by applying the Laplace transformation on governing equations andthen the stresses are transferred to time domain, using Talbot inversion Laplace techniques.The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite are mathematically simulated using fourtypes of carbon nanotube distributions in radial volume fraction forms. The propagation ofstresses is indicated through radial direction for various grading patterns at different timeinstants. The effects of various grading patterns on stresses are specifically investigated.Numerical examples, presented in the accompanying section 4 of this paper, show thatvariation of *CN V has no significant effect on the amplitude of radial stresses. Examplesillustrate that stress distributions in cylindrical layer structures made of a CNT type  aremore sensitive rather than other grading pattern types of CNTs. Results derived in thisanalysis are compared with FEM and previous published work and a good agreement isobserved between them. 0 - 235 250 - - Soleiman Ghouhestani PhD Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran s.ghoohestani@gmail.com - - Farzad Shahabian Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran shahabf@um.ac.ir - - Seyed Mahmoud Hosseini Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran sm_hoseini@yahoo.com Carbon Nanotube Cylinder dynamic analysis Layered-structures Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method Abate, J. and Valko, P. (2004). “Multi-precision##Laplace inversion”, International Journal for##Numerical Methods in Engineering, 60(5), 979-##Bahmyari, E. and Rahbar-Ranji, A. (2012). “Free##vibration analysis of orthotropic plates with##variable thickness resting on non-uniform##elastic foundation by element free Galerkin##method”, Journal of Mechanical Science and##Technology, 26 (9), 2685-2694.##Chen, W.Q., Wang, H.M. and Bao, R.H. (2007).##“On calculating dispersion curves of waves in a##functionally graded elastic plate”, Composite##Structures, 81(2), 233–242.##Ching, H.K. and Yen, S.C. (2005). “Meshless local##Petrov-Galerkin analysis for 2D functionally##graded elastic solids under mechanical and##thermal loads”, Composites Part B:##Engineering, 36(3), 223–240.##Davies, B. (2002). Integral transforms and their##applications, 3rd Edition, Springer, New York.##Esawi, A.M.K. and Farag, M.M. (2007). “Carbon##nanotube reinforced composites: potential and##current challenges”, Materials & Design, 28(9),##2394–2401.##Gilhooley, D.F., Xiao, J.R., Batra, R.C., McCarthy,##M.A. and Gillespie, Jr J.W. (2008). “Twodimensional##stress analysis of functionally##graded solids using the MLPG method with##radial basis functions”, Computational##Materials Science, 41(4), 467–481.##Hosseini, S.M., Akhlaghi, M. and Shakeri, M.##(2007). “Dynamic response and radial wave##propagation velocity in thick hollow cylinder##made of functionally graded materials”,##Engineering Computations, 24(3), 288-303.##Hosseini, S.M. and Abolbashari, M.H. (2010).##“General analytical solution for elastic radial##wave propagation and dynamic analysis of##functionally graded thick hollow cylinders##subjected to impact loading”, Acta Mechanica,##212, (1-2), 1–19.##Hosseini, S.M. and Shahabian, F. (2011a).##“Transient analysis of thermo-elastic waves in##thick hollow cylinders using a stochastic hybrid##numerical method, considering Gaussian##mechanical properties”, Applied Mathematical##Modeling, 35(10), 4697–4714.##Hosseini, S.M. and Shahabian, F. (2011b).##“Stochastic assessment of thermo-elastic wave##propagation in functionally graded materials##(FGMs) with Gaussian uncertainty in##constitutive mechanical properties”, Journal of##Thermal Stresses, 34(10), 1071–1099.##Iijima, S. (1991). “Helical microtubules of graphitic##carbon”, Nature, 354(6348), 56-58.##Lu, J.P. (1997). “Elastic properties of single and##multilayered nanotubes”, Journal of Physics##and Chemistry of Solids, 58(11), 1649–52.##Moussavinezhad, S., Shahabian, F. and Hosseini,##S.M. (2013). “Two dimensional stress wave##propagation in finite length FG cylinders with##two directional nonlinear grading patterns using##MLPG method”, Journal of Engineering##Mechanics, 140(3), 575-592.##Seidel, G.D. and Lagoudas, D.C. (2006).##“Micromechanical analysis of the effective elastic##properties of carbon nanotube reinforced##composites”, Mechanics of Materials, 38(8), 884–##Shen, H.S. (2011). “Postbuckling of nanotube–reinforced composite cylindrical shells in thermal environments, Part I: axially-loaded shells”, Composite Structures, 93(8), 2096–2108.##Shen, H.S. (2009). “Nonlinear bending of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plates in thermal environments”, Composite Structures, 91(1), 9-19.##Singh, S., Singh, J. and Shukla, K. (2013). “Buckling of laminated composite plates subjected to mechanical and thermal loads using meshless collocations”, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 27 (2), 327-336.##Singh, J., Singh, S. and Shukla, K. (2011). “RBF- based meshless method for free vibration analysis of laminated composite”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 79, 347-352##Sladek, J., Stanak, P., Han, Z.D., Sladek, V. and Atluri, S.N. (2013). “Applications of the MLPG method in engineering and sciences: A review”, Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences (CMES), 92(5), 423-475.##Xiao, J.R. and McCarthy, M.A. (2003). “A local heaviside weighted meshless method for two-dimensional solids using radial basis functions”, Computational Mechanics, 31(3-4), 301–315.##Xiao, J.R., Gilhooley, D.F., Batra, R.C., Gillespie, J.W. and McCarthy, M.A. (2008). “Analysis of thick composite laminates using a higher-order shear and normal deformable plate theory (HOSNDPT) and a meshless method”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 39(2), 414-427.##

1 - Selecting Appropriate Intensity Measure in View of Efficiency https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55704.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.003 1 This study attempts to answer the question of distinguishing appropriate intensity measure parameter for performance-based design or assessment, taking into account the efficiency aspect. The comprehensive comparative tables proposed in this paper could be an effective support in the decision making procedure for intensity measure selection, comprising most of the frequently utilized intensity measures for low-rise buildings with different fundamental periods. In addition, since some specific intensity measures are commonly applied in codes, the amounts of standard deviation computed in this study could be very beneficial in answering the question of being worthy to consider another intensity measure, to improve the certitude of structural responses, noting expansion in calculationefforts. 0 - 251 269 - - Leila Haj Najafi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Iran lila_najafi@aut.ac.ir - - Mohsen Tehranizadeh Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Iran dtehz@yahoo.com Efficiency Interstory Drift Ratios (IDR) Engineering Demand Parameters (EDP) Intensity Measure (IM) Peak Floor Acceleration (PFA) Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) ASCE. (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.##Aslani, H. and Miranda, E. (2004). “Optimization of response simulation for loss estimation using PEER's methodology”, Proceeding of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada.##Aslani, H. and Miranda, E. (2005). “Probabilistic earthquake loss estimation and loss disaggregation in buildings”, Report 157, Ph.D. Dissertation, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, United State.##ATC-58. (2011). Guidelines for seismic performance assessment of buildings, Applied Technology Council, Washington D.C. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from https://www.atccouncil.org/pdfs/ATC-58-50 persent Draft.pdf##Baker, J.W. (2007). “Measuring bias in structural response caused by grand motion scaling”, Proceedings of the 8th Pasific Conference on Earthquake engineering, Nangyang Technological University, Singapore.##Baker, J.W. and Cornell, C.A. (2006). ‘‘Spectral shape, epsilon and record selection’’, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 35(9), 1077-1095.##Baker, J.W. and Cornell, C.A. (2005). ‘‘A vector-valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon’’, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(10), 1193-1217.##Bazzurro, P. (1998). ‘‘Probabilistic seismic demand analysis’’, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, United State.##Benjamin, J. and Cornell, C.A. (1970). Probability, statistics and decision for civil engineers, McGraw-Hill, 1st ed., New York.##BHRC, Iran's Building and House Research Center, (2014). Retrieved October 13, from http://www.bhr.gov.ir.##BHRC. (2005). Iranian code of practice for seismic resistant design of buildings, Standard No. 2800, 3rd ed., Building and Housing Research Center, Tehran, Iran.##Bozorgnia, Y. and Bertero, V.V. (2004). Earthquake engineering from engineering seismology to performance-based engineering, CRC Press, Washigton DC.##Bradley, B.A. (2012). “Empirical correlations between peak ground velocity and spectrum-based intensity measures”, Earthquake Spectra, 28(1), 17-35.##Campbell, K.W. and Bozorgnia, Y. (2014), “NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra”, Earthquake Spectra, 30(3), 1087-1115.##Campbell, K.W. and Bozorgnia, Y. (2012), “Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) and seismic intensity based on the PEER-NGA database”, Earthquake Spectra, 28(2), 457-485.##Cordova, P.P., Deierlein G.G. (2000). “Development of a two parameter seismic intensity measure and probabilistic assessment procedure”, Proceedings of the 2nd US-Japan Workshop on Performance Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, Hokkaido, Japan.##Cordova, P.P., Deierlein, G.G., Mehanny, S.F. and Cornell, C.A. (2000). “Development of a two-parameter seismic intensity measure and probabilistic assessment procedure”, Proceeding of the 2nd U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, Hokkaido, Japan.##Dimakopoulou, V., Fragiadakis, M. and Spyrakos, C. (2013), “Influence of modeling parameters on the response of degrading systems to near-field ground motions”, Engineering Structures, 53, 10-24.##FEMA. (1997). NEHRP guideline for seismic rehabilitation of buildings, building seismic safety council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Report FEMA 273, Federal Emergencies Management Agencies, Washington D.C.##Gunay S. and Mosalam, K.M. (2013), “PEER performance-based earthquake engineering methodology, revisited”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 17(6), 829-858.##Haselton, C.B. (2009). Evaluation of ground motion selection and modification methods: predicting median interstory drift response of buildings. PEER Report 2009/01, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.##Ibarra, L.F., Medina, R.A. and Krawinkler, H. (2005). “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic, 34(12), 1489–1511.##Iervolino, I. and Cornell, C.A. (2005). “Record selection for nonlinear seismic analysis of structures”, Earthquake Spectra, 21(3), 685-713.##Krawinkler, H. and Medina, R. (2004). “Seismic demands for nondeteriorating frame structures and their dependence on ground motions’’,##Report PEER 2003/15, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.##Lignos, D.G. and Krawinkler, H. (2013). “Development and utilization of structural component databases for performance-based earthquake engineering”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 139 (Special Issue: NEES 2: Advances in Earthquake Engineering), 1382-1394.##Lignos, D.G., Putman, C. and Krawinkler, H. (2015). “Application of simplified analysis procedures for performance-based earthquake evaluation of steel special moment frames”, Earthquake Spectra (in Press).##Lotfollahi-Yaghin, Gholipour Salimi, M. and Ahmadi, H. (2013), “Probabilistic assessment of pseudo-static design of gravity-type quay walls”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(2), 209-219.##Luco, N. (2002). “Probabilistic seismic demand analysis, SMRF connection fractures, and near source effect’’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, United State.##Luco, N. and Cornell, C.A. (2007). “Structure-specific scalar intensity measures for near-source and ordinary earthquake ground motions”, Earthquake Spectra, 23(2), 357-392.##Mahdavi Adeli, M., Banazadeh, M., Deylami, A. and Alinia M.M. (2012). “Introducing a new spectral intensity measure parameter to estimate the seismic demand of steel moment-resisting frames using Bayesian statistics”, Advances in Structural Engineering, 15(2), 231-245.##Mollaioli, F., Lucchini A., Cheng Y. and Monti, G. (2013). “Intensity measures for the seismic response prediction of base-isolated buildings”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11(1), 1841-1866.##Najafi, L.H. and Tehranizadeh, M. (2015). “New intensity measure parameter based on record's velocity characteristics”, Scientia Iranica, Transaction A: Civil Engineering, 22(5), 1674-1691.##OpenSees (2009). “Open system for earthquake engineering simulation”, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.##Park, Y.J., Ang, A.H.S., and Wen, Y.K. (1984). “Seismic damage analysis and damage-limiting design of R/C buildings”, Civil Engineering Studies, Technical Report SRS 516, University of Illinois, Urbana.##PEER, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), (2014). PEER strong motion database, Retrieved October 13, 2014, from http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat.##Quiroz‐Ramíreza, A., Arroyob, D., Terán‐Gilmoreb, A. and Ordazc, M. (2014). “Evaluation of the intensity measure approach in performance‐based earthquake engineering with simulated ground motions”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104(2), 669-683.##Ramirez, C. and Miranda, E. 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1 - Prediction of Permanent Earthquake-Induced Deformation in Earth Dams and Embankments Using Artificial Neural Networks https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55705.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.004 1 This research intends to develop a method based on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict permanent earthquake-induced deformation of the earth dams and embankments. For this purpose, data sets of observations from 152 published case histories on the performance of the earth dams and embankments, during the past earthquakes, was used. In order to predict earthquake-induced deformation of the earth dams and embankments a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) analysis was used. A four-layer, feed-forward, back-propagation neural network, with a topology of 7-9-7-1 was found to be optimum. The results showed that an appropriately trained neural network could reliably predict permanent earthquake-induced deformation of the earth dams and embankments. 0 - 271 283 - - Kazem Barkhordari Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran kbarkhordari@yazd.ac.ir - - Hosein Entezari Zarch M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran h.entezari@stu.yazd.ac.ir Artificial Neural Networks Earth dam Earth embankment Earthquake-induced deformation Baziar, M.H. and Ghorbani, A. (2005). “Evaluation of lateral spreading using artificial neural networks”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25(1), 1-9.##Behnia, D., Ahangari, K., Noorzad, A. and Moeinossadat S.R. (2013). “Predicting crest settlement in concrete face rock fill dams using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and gene expression programming intelligent methods”, Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 14(8), 589-602.##Bray, J.D. and Travasarou, T. (2007). “Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 133(4), 381-392.##Cybenko, G.V. (1989). “Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function”, Control Signal System (MCSS), 2(4), 303–314.##Das, S. K. and Basudhar, P.K. (2006). “Undrained lateral load capacity of piles in clay using artificial neural network”, Computers and Geotechnics, 33(8), 454-459.##Day, R.W. (2002). Geotechnical earthquake engineering handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.##Erzin, Y. and Cetin, T. (2013). “The prediction of the critical factor of safety of homogeneous finite slopes using neural networks and multiple regressions”, Computers and Geotechnics, 51, 305-313.##Ferentinou, M.D. and Sakellariou, M.G. (2007). “Computational intelligence tools for the ##prediction of slope performance”, Computers and Geotechnics, 34(5), 362-384.##Flood, I. and Kartam, N. (1994). “Neural network in civil engineering. I: principles and understanding”, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 8(2), 131-148.##Gholamnejad, J. and Tayarani, N. (2010). “Application of artificial neural networks to the prediction of tunnel boring machine penetration rate”, Mining Science and Technology, 20(5), 727-733.##Hanna, A.M., Ural, D. and Saygili, G. (2007). “Neural network model for liquefaction potential in soil deposits using Turkey and Taiwan earthquake data”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27(6), 521-540.##Hertz, J., Krogh, A. and Palmer, R.G. (1991). Introduction to the theory of neural computation, Addison-Wesley, California.##Hynes-Griffin, M.E. and Franklin, A.G. (1984). “Rationalizing the seismic coefficient method”, Geotechnical Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 84-93.##Javadi, A., Rezania, M. and Mousavi, N.M. (2006). “Evaluation of liquefaction induced lateral displacements using genetic programming”, Computers and Geotechnics, 33(4-5), 222-233.##Jibson, R.W. (2007). “Regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement”, Engineering Geology, 91(4), 209-218.##Kim, Y.S. and Kim B.T. (2008). “Artificial neural network model”, Computers and Geotechnics, 35, 313–322.##Mahdevari, S. and Torabi, S.R. (2012). “Prediction of tunnel convergence using artificial neural networks”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 28, 218–228.##Maier, H.R., and Dandy, G.C. (2000). “Neural networks for the prediction and forecasting of water resources variables: A review of modeling issues and applications”, Environmental Modeling & Software, 15, 101-124.##Makdisi, F.I. and Seed, H.B. (1978). “Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformations”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 104(7), 849-867.##Marandi, S.M., Vaezinejad, S.M. and Khavari, E. (2012). “Prediction of concrete faced rock fill dams settlements using genetic programming algorithm”, International Journal of Geosciences, 3, 601-609.##Masters, T. (1993). Practical neural network recipes in C++, Academic Press, San Diego, California.##Mata, J. (2011). “Interpretation of concrete dam behavior with artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models”, Engineering Structures, 33, 903–910.##Matsumoto, N. (2002). “Evaluation of permanent displacement in seismic analysis of fill dams”, In Proceedings of 3rd US-Japan Workshop on Advanced Research on Earthquake Engineering for Dams, San Diego, 22-23.##Miao, X., Chu, J., Zhang, L. and Qiao J. (2013). “An evolutionary neural network approach to simple prediction of dam deformation”, Journal of Information & Computational Science, 10(5), 1315–1324.##Mohammadi, M., Barani, G.A., Ghaderi, K. and Haghighatandish, S. (2013). “Optimization of earth dams clay core dimensions using evolutionary algorithms”, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 350-361.##Mohammadi, N. and Mirabedini, S.J. (2014). “Comparison of particle swarm optimization and backpropagation algorithms for training feed forward neural network”, Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 12, 113-123.##Newmark, N.M. (1965). “Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments”, Geotechnique, 15(2), 139-160.##Park, H. (2011). “Study for application of artificial neural networks in geotechnical problems”, Artificial Neural Networks-Application, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/artificial-neural-networks-application.##Pezeshk, S., Camp, C.V. and Karprapu, S. (1996). “Geophysical log interpretation using neural network”, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 10, 136–142.##Rumelhart, D.E., Hinton, G.E. and Mclellend, J.L. (1986). A general framework for parallel distribution processing parallel distribution processing, MIT Press, Cambridge.##Sarma, S.K. (1975). “Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments”, Geotechnique, 25(4), 743-761.##Saygili, G., Rathje, E.M. 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1 - Evaluating the Seismic Performance of Steel-SMA Hybrid Braces https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55706.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.005 1 The seismic performance of hybrid braces composed of steel and shape memory alloy (SMA) was investigated in this paper. Six types of hybrid braces were used, constituted by SMA content of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. A nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed under El Centro earthquake records, with the maximum acceleration of 0.6g and 0.9g. Our results showed that the seismic performance, i.e., the amount of energy absorption and residual strain, of steel–SMA hybrid braces depends on the SMA content. The optimal value of SMA content was 20%, as, at this concentration, a hybrid brace can be designed with good seismic performance at a justifiable fabrication cost. 0 - 285 296 - - Mohammad Hooshmand M.Sc. Graduate, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran m_hooshmand@sut.ac.ir - - Behzad Rafezy Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran Iran rafezyb@yahoo.co.uk - - Yousef Hosseinzadeh Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Iran hosseinzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir - - Hamid Ahmadi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Iran h-ahmadi@tabrizu.ac.ir Finite Element modeling Hybrid brace Nonlinear dynamic analysis Seismic performance Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Alvandi, S. and Ghassemieh, M. (2014). “Application of shape memory alloys in seismic isolation: A review”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2), 153-171.##Asgarian, B. and Moradi, S. (2011). “Seismic response of steel braced frames with shape memory alloy braces”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(1), 65-74.##Auricchio, F., Fugazza, D. and Desroches, R. (2006). “Earthquake performance of steel frames with Nitinol braces”, Earthquake Engineering, 10(1), 45-66.##Ben Mekki, O. and Auricchio, F. (2011). “Performance evaluation of shape-memory-alloy superelastic behavior to control a stay cable in cable-stayed bridges”, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 46(2), 470-477.##Ghassemiyeh, M. and Kari, A. (2008). “Comparison of the Seismic Performance Improvement in the Structures with braces made of SMA and Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRB)”, 4th National Congress of Civil Engineering, Tehran, Iran.##Kazemi-Choobi, K., Khalil-Allafi, J. and Abbasi-Chianeh, V. (2012). “Investigation of the recovery and recrystallization processes of Ni50.9Ti49.1 shape memory wires using in situ electrical resistance measurement”, Materials Science Engineering A, 551(15), 122-127.##Ma, H. and C.H.Yam, M. (2011). “Modelling of a self-centering damper and its application in structural control”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(4), 656-666.##Malagisi, S., Marfia, S., Sacco, E. and Toti, J. (2014). “Modeling of smart concrete beams with shape memory alloy actuators”, Engineering Structures, 75(1), 63-72.##Mansouri, A. (2008). Investigating the behavior factor of concrete frames braced with SMAs, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, (in Persian).##Miller, D.J., Fahnestock, L.A. and Eatherton, M.R. (2012). “Development and experimental validation of a nickel–titanium shape memory alloy self-centering buckling-restrained brace”, Engineering Structures, 40(1), 288-298.##Motahari, S.A., Ghassemiyeh, M. and Abolmaali, S.A. (2007). “Implementation of shape memory alloy dampers for passive control of structures subjected to seismic excitations”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 63(12), 1570-1579.##Muntasir Billah, A.H.M. and Shahria Alam, M. (2012). “Seismic performance of concrete columns reinforced with hybrid shape memory alloy (SMA) and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars”, Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 730-742.##Ozbulut, O.E. and Hurlebaus, S. (2011). “Energy-balance assessment of shape memory alloy-based seismic isolation devices”, Smart Structures and Systems, 8(4), 399-412.##Padgett, J., Desroches, R. and Ehlinger, R. (2009). “Experimental response modification of a four-span bridge retrofit with shape memory alloys”, ##Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 17(6), 694-708.##Sabelli, R. (2001). Research on improving the design and analysis of earthquake-resistant steel-braced frame, Professional Fellowship Report No. PF2000-9, NEHRP, US.##Shrestha, K.C. et al., (2011). “Applicability of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy bars to retrofitting of historical masonry constructions”, Smart Structures and Systems, 3(2), 233-256.##Speicher, M.S., Des Roches, R. and Leon, R.T. (2011). “Experimental results of a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA)-based recentering beam-column connection”, Engineering Structures, 33(9), 2448-2457.##Sun, W. (2011). “Seismic response control of high arch dams including contraction joint using nonlinear super-elastic SMA damper”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(9), 3762-3767.##Walter Yang, Ch.Sh., Desroches, R. and Leon, R.T. (2010). “Design and analysis of braced frames with shape memory alloy and energy-absorbing hybrid devices”, Engineering Structures, 32(2), 498-507.##Yam, M.C.H., Fang, C., Lam, A.C.C. and Zhang, Y. (2014). “Numerical study and practical design of beam-to-column connections with shape memory alloys”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 104(1), 177-192.##Youssef, M.A. and Elfeki, M.A. (2012). “Seismic performance of concrete frames reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloys”, Smart Structures and Systems, 9(4), 313-333.##

1 - Reliability Analysis of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Enhanced HL-RF Method https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55707.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.006 1 Steel corrosion of bars in concrete structures is a complex process which leads to the reduction of the cross-section bars and decreasing the resistance of the concrete and steel materials. In this study, reliability analysis of a reinforced concrete beam with corrosion defects under the distributed load was investigated using the enhanced Hasofer-Lind and Rackwitz-Fiessler (EHL-RF) method based on relaxed approach. Robustness of the EHL-RF algorithm was compared with the HL-RF using a complicated example. It was seen that the EHL-RF algorithm is more robust than the HL-RF method. Finally, the effects of corrosion time were investigated using the EHL-RF algorithm for a reinforced concrete beam based on flexural strength in the pitting and general corrosion. The model uncertainties were considered in the resistance and load terms of flexural strength limit state function. The results illustrated that increasing the corrosion time-period leads to increase in the failure probability of the corroded concrete beam. 0 - 297 304 - - Arash Mohammadi Farsani Lecture, Department of Civil Engineering, Farsan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Farsan, Iran Iran farsanim@yahoo.com - - Behrooz Keshtegar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zabol, P.O.Box: 9861335-856, Zabol, Iran. Iran bkeshtegar@yahoo.com Corrosion Enhanced HL-RF method Failure Probability Reliability analysis Reinforced concrete Bhargava, K., Mori, Y. and Ghosh, A.K. (2011). “Time-dependent reliability of corrosion-affected RC beams-Part 1: Estimation of time-dependent strengths and associated variability”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 241(5), 1371-1384.##Cairns, J., Plizzari, G.A., Du, Y., Law, D.W. and Franzoni, C. (2005). “Mechanical properties of corrosion-damaged reinforcement”, ACI Materials Journal, 102(4), 256-64.##Darmawan, M.S. (2010). “Pitting corrosion model for reinforced concrete structures in a chloride environment”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 62(2), 91-101.##Hasofer, A.M. and Lind, N.C. (1974). “Exact and invariant second moment code format”, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100(1), 111-121.##Keshtegar, B. and Miri, M. (2013). “An enhanced HL-RF Method for the computation of structural failure probability based on relaxed approach”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(1), 69-80.##Keshtegar, B. and Miri, M. (2014a). “Introducing Conjugate gradient optimization for modified HL-RF method”, Engineering Computations, 31)4(, 775-790.##Keshtegar, B., Miri, M., (2014b), “Reliability analysis of corroded pipes using conjugate HL–RF algorithm based on average shear stress yield criterion”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 46, 104-117.##Liu, P.L. and Kiureghian, A.D. (1991). “Optimization algorithms for structural reliability”, Structural Safety, 9(3), 161-178.##Naess, A., Leira, B.J. and Batsevych, O. (2009). “System reliability analysis by enhanced Monte Carlo simulation”, Structural Safety, 31(5), 349-355.##Nowak, A.S. and Collins, K.R. (2000). Reliability of Structures, McGraw-Hill.##Rackwitz, R. and Fiessler, B. (1978). “Structural reliability under combined load sequences”, Computers and Structures, 9(8), 489-494.##Rondringuez, J., Ortega, L.M., Casal, J. and Diez, J.M. (1996). “Corrosion of reinforcement and service life of concrete structures”, Durability of Building Materials and Components, 7(1), 117-126.##Santosh, T.V., Saraf, R.K., Ghosh, A.K. and Kushwaha, H.S. (2006). “Optimum step length selection rule in modified HL-RF method for structural reliability”, International journal of Pressure Vessels Piping, 83(10), 742-748.##Stewart, M.G. (2004). “Spatial variability of pitting corrosion and its influence on structural fragility and reliability of RC beams in flexure”, Structural Safety, 26(4), 453-70.##Stewart, M.G. (2009). “Mechanical behaviour of pitting corrosion of flexural and shear reinforcement and its effect on structural reliability of corroding RC beams”, Structural Safety, 31(1), 19-30.##Stewart, M.G. and Al-Harthy, A. (2008). “Pitting corrosion and structural reliability of corroding RC structures, experimental data and probabilistic analysis”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 93(3), 273-382.##Stewart, M.G. and Rosowsky, D.V. (1998). “Time-dependent reliability of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridge decks”, Structural Safety, 20, 91-109.##Tarighat, A. and Jalalifar, F. (2014). “ Assessing the Performance of Corroding RC Bridge Decks: A Critical Review of Corrosion Propagation Models”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2), 173-186.##Vu, K. and Stewart, M.G. (2000). “Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models”, Structural Safety, 22(4), 313-333.##Vu, K., Stewart, M.G. and Mullard, J., (2005). “Corrosion-induced cracking: Experimental data and predictive models”, ACI Structural Journal, 102(5), 719-726.##Yang, D. (2010). “Chaos control for numerical instability of first order reliability method”, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3131-3141.##

1 - Load Test and Model Calibration of a Horizontally Curved Steel Box-Girder Bridge https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55708.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.007 1 In this paper, full scale load test of a horizontally curved steel box-girder bridge is carried out in order to detect structural defects, which reportedly result in unwanted vibrations in nearby buildings. The bridge is tested under the passage of six heavy vehicles at different speeds, so as to determine its static and dynamic responses. A total number of one hundred and two (102) sensors are used to measure the displacements, strains, and accelerations of different points of the bridge. It is observed that the bridge vibrates at a fundamental frequency of 2.6 Hz intensively and the first mode of vibration is torsional instead of flexural. The dominant frequency of vibration of the nearby buildings is computed to be approximately 2.5Hz using rational formulas. Thus, nearness of the fundamental frequency of the bridge to those of the adjacent buildings may be causing resonance phenomenon. However, in static load tests, low ranges of strain and displacement illustrated adequate structural capacity and appropriate safety under static loads. Numerical models are created using ANSYS and SAP2000 software products, so as to design the loading test and calibrate the finite element models. The connections of the transversal elements to the girders, transversal element spacing, and changes of the stiffness values of the slabs were found to be the most influential issues in the finite elements calibration process. Finally, considering the total damage of all members, the final health score of the bridge was evaluated as 89% indicating that the bridge is in a very good situation. 0 - 305 322 - - Freydoon Rezaie Assitant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Iran frrezaie@gmail.com - - Gona Ahmadi M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Iran gona.ahmadi.61@gmail.com - - Seyed Mohammad Farnam Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Iran seyed.farnam@yahoo.com Dynamic and static loading tests Frequencies of vibration Horizontally curved bridges Steel box-girder AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges. (2002). 17th ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001, ISBN: 156051-171-0.##AASHTO guide specifications for horizontally curved steel girder highway bridges with design examples for I-girder and Box-girder bridges. (2003). American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. By ballot of the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (HSCOBS).##Adewuyi, A.P. and Wu, Z.S. (2009). “Vibration-Based structural health monitoring techniques using statistical features from strain measurements”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(3), 38-47.##Ataeia, S., Aghakouchaka, A.A., Marefatb, M.S. and Mohammadzadeh, S. (2005). “Sensor fusion of a railway bridge load test using neural networks”, Expert Systems with Applications, 29(3), 678-683.##Chang, C.J. and White, D.W. (2008). “An assessment of modeling strategies for composite curved steel I-girder bridges”, Engineering Structures, 30(11), 2991-3002.##Darius, B., Zenonas, K., Donatas, J. and Arturas, K. (2013). “Load testing and model updating of a single span composite steel-concrete railway”, Procedia Engineering, 57, 127-135.##Demetrios, E. and Tonias, P.E. (1995). Bridge engineering, New York: McGraw-Hill, New York.##Ghorbanpour, A.H. and Ghassemieh, M. 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(2000). “Influence of elastomeric bearings on traffic-induced vibration of highway bridges”, TRR National Research Council, 1696(1), 76-82.##Kistera, G., Wintera, D., Badcocka, R.A., Gebremichaelb, Y.M., Boyleb, W.J.O., Meggittc, B.T., Grattanb, K.T.V. and Fernandod, G.F. ##(2007). “Structural health monitoring of a composite bridge using Bragg grating sensors. Part 1: Evaluation of adhesives and protection systems for the optical sensors”, Engineering Structures, 29(3), 440-448.##Kwak, H.G., Seo, Y.J. and Jung, C.M. (2000). “Effects of the slab casting sequences and the drying shrinkage of concrete slabs on the short-term and long-term behavior of composite steel box-girder bridges”, Engineering Structure, 22(11), 1453-1466.##McCullagh, J.J., Galchev, T., Peterson, R.L., Gordenker, R., Zhang, Y., Lynch, J. and Najafi, K. (2014). “Long-term testing of a vibration harvesting system for the structural health monitoring of bridges”, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 217, 139-150.##Mohammad, S.M., Gargary, E.G. and Ataei, S. (2004). “Load test of a plain concrete arch railway bridge of 20-m span”, Construction and Building Materials, 18(9), 661-667.##Montens, M., Vollery, C. and Park, H. (2003). “Advantages of twin I beams composite solutions for highway and railway bridges”, Steel Structures International Journal, 3(1), 65-72.##Naeeni, S.T.O., and Fazli, M. (2011). “Numerical investigation of effect of bridge pier shape on dynamic forces”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 44(5), 741-751.##Office of the Deputy for Technical Affairs Bureau of Technical Affairs and Standards of I.R of Iran. (2000). Standard loads for bridges, No.139, Tehran, Iran##Scott, D.S., Joseph, J.P., Christopher, M.I. and Kevin, J.A. (2006). “Load testing for assessment and rating of highway bridges, Phase III: Technology transfer to the SCDOT”, South Carolina Department of Transportation Research and Development Executive Committee. Research Project No. 655. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Clemson University Civil Engineering Department.##Sevim, B., Bayraktar, A., Altunisik, A.C., Atamturktur, S. and Birinci, F. (2011). “Finite element model calibration effects on the earthquake response of masonry arch bridges”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 47(7), 621-634.##Sun, J.K., Ho, K.K, Radiance, C., Jin, P., Gyu, S.K. and Deok, K.L. (2013). “Operational field monitoring of interactive vortex-induced vibrations between two parallel cable-stayed”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 123(Part A), 143-154.##Wang, H., Li, A.Q. and Li, J. (2010). “Progressive finite element model calibration of a long-span suspension bridge based on ambient vibration and static measurements”, Engineering Structures, 32(9), 2546-2556.##Yang, Y.B., Lin, C.L., Yau, J.D. and Chang, D.W. (2004). “Mechanism of resonance and cancellation for train-induced vibrations on bridges with elastic bearings”, Journal of Sound Vibration, 269(1-2), 345-360.##Yarnold, M.T. and Moon, F.L. (2015). ”Temperature-based structural health monitoring baseline for long-span bridges”, Engineering Structures, 86, 157-167.##Yau, J.D., Wu, Y.S. and Yang, Y.B. (2001). “Impact response of bridges with elastic bearings to moving loads”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 248(1), 9-30.##

1 - Non-linear Dynamic Analysis of Steel Hollow I-core Sandwich Panel under Air Blast Loading https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55709.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.008 1 In this paper, the non-linear dynamic response of novel steel sandwich panel with hollow I-core subjected to blast loading was studied. Special emphasis is placed on the evaluation of midpoint displacements and energy dissipation of the models. Several parameters such as boundary conditions, strain rate, mesh dependency and asymmetrical loading are considered in this study. The material and geometric non-linearities are also considered in the numerical simulation. The results obtained are compared with available experimental data to verify the developed FE model. Modeling techniques are described in detail. According to the results, sandwich panels with hollow I-core allowed more plastic deformation and energy dissipation and less midpoint displacement than conventional I-core sandwich panels and also equivalent solid plate with the same weight and material. 0 - 323 344 - - Asghar Vatani Oskouei Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, P.O.Box 16785-136, Tehran, Iran Iran vatani@srttu.edu - - Foad Kiakojouri Department of Structural Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Iran. Iran foadkia@yahoo.com Blast Dynamic non-linear analysis energy dissipation sandwich panel Boh, J.W, Louca, L.A., and Choo, Y.S. (2004). “Strain rate effects on the response of stainless steel corrugated firewalls subjected to hydrocarbon explosions”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 60(1), 1-29.##Dharmasena, K.P., Wadley, H.N.G. and Xue, Z., Hutchinson, J.W. (2008). “Mechanical response of metallic honeycomb sandwich panel structures to high-intensity dynamic loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35(9), 1063-1074.##Dharmasena, K.P., Wadley, H.N.G., Williams, K., Xue, Z. and Hutchinson, J.W. (2011). “Response of metallic pyramidal lattice core sandwich panels to high intensity impulsive loading in air”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 38(5), 275-289.##Ebrahimi, H. and Vaziri, A. (2013).“Metallic sandwich panels subjected to multiple intense shocks”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 50(7), 1164–1176.##Jing, L., Yang, F., Wang, Z. and Zhao, L. (2013). “A numerical simulation of metallic cylindrical sandwich shells subjected to air blast loading”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 10(3), 631-645.##Jones, N. (1989). Structural impact, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.##Karagiozova, D., Nurick, G.N. and Langdon G.S. (2009). “Behaviour of sandwich panels subject to intense air blasts – Part 2: Numerical simulation”, Composite Structures, 91(4), 442-450.##Mori, L.F., Queheillalt, D.T., Wadley, H.N.G., and Espinosa, H.D. (2009). “Deformation and failure modes of I-core sandwich structures subjected to underwater impulsive loads”, Experimental Mechanics, 49(2), 257-275.##Nahshon, K., Pontin, M.G., Evans, A.G., Hutchinson, J.W., and Zok, F.W. (2007) “Dynamic shear rupture of steel plates”, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2(10), 2049-2066.##Nayak, S.K., Singh, A.K., Belegundu, A.D. and Yen, C.F. (2013). “Process for design optimization of honeycomb core sandwich panels for blast load mitigation”, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 47(5), 749-763.##Neuberger, A. Peles, S. and Rittel, D. (2007). “Scaling the response of circular plates subjected to large and close-range spherical explosions. Part I: Air-blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 34(5), 859-873.##Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Gupta, A., and Ramsay, J. (2007). “Blast loading and blast effects on structures–an overview”, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 7, 76-91.##Norris, G.H., Hansen, R.J., Holly, M.J., Biggs, J.M., Namyet, S. and Minami, J.K. (1959). Structural design for dynamic loads, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.##Nurick, G.N., Langdon, G.S., Chi, Y. and Jacob, N. (2009). “Behaviour of sandwich panels subjected to intense air blast – Part 1: Experiments”, Composite Structures, 91(4), 433-441.##Qiu, X., Deshpande, V.S., Fleck, N.A. (2003).“Finite element analysis of the dynamic response of clamped sandwich beams subject to shock loading”, European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 22(6), 801-814.##Rathbun, H.J., Radford, D.D., Xue, Z., He, M.Y., Yang, J., Deshpande, V., Fleck, N.A., Hutchinson, J.W., Zok, F.W. and Evans, A.G. (2006). “Performance of metallic honeycomb-core sandwich beams under shock loading”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43(6), 1746-1763.##Shah Mohammadi, H. and Mohammadi, S. (2010). “Analysis of blast shock waves on immersed pipes”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 44(1), 61-72.##Shen, J., Lu, G., Wang, Z. and Zhao, L. (2010). “Experiments on curved sandwich panels under blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 37(9), 960-970.##Shen, J., Lu, G., Zhao, L., and Qu, Z. (2011).“Response of curved sandwich panels subjected to blast loading”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(5), 382-393.##Simulia, D.S. (2010). Abaqus analysis user's manual, Dassault Systemes, Pawtucket, USA.##Tavakoli, H.R. and Kiakojouri, F. (2014).“Numerical dynamic analysis of stiffened plates under blast loading”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 11(2), 185-199.##Theobald, M.D. and Nurick, G.N. (2007).“Numerical investigation of the response of sandwich-type panels using thin-walled tubes subject to blast loads”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 34(1), 134-156.##Valdevit, L., Wei, Z., Mercer, C., Zok, F.W. and Evans, A.G., (2005). “Structural performance of near-optimal sandwich panels with corrugated cores”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43(16), 4888-905.##Xue, Z. and Hutchinson, J.W. (2003). “Preliminary assessment of sandwich plates subject to blast loads”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 45(4), 687-705.##Zhu, F., Zhao, L., Lu, G. and Wang, Z. (2008). “Deformation and failure of blast-loaded metallic sandwich panels-Experimental investigations”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35(8), 937-951.##Zhu, F. (2008). “Impulsive loading of sandwich panels with cellular cores”, PhD Thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences.##Zhu, F., Zhao, L., Lu, G. and Gad, E. (2009). “Numerical simulation of the blast impact of square metallic sandwich panels”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 36(5), 687-699.##

1 - Optimal Control via Integrating the Dynamics of Magnetorheological Dampers and Structures https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55710.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.009 1 Magnetorheological (MR) dampers have the advantage of being tuned by low voltages. This has attracted many researchers to develop semi-active control of structures in theory and practice. Most of the control strategies first obtain the desired forces of dampers without taking their dynamics into consideration and then determine the input voltages according to those forces. As a result, these strategies may face situations where the desired forces cannot be produced by the dampers. In this article, by integrating the equations of the dynamics of MR dampers and the structural motion, and solving them in one set, a more concise semi-active optimal control strategy is presented, so as to bypass the aforementioned drawback. Next, a strong database that can be utilized to form a controller for more realistic implementations is produced. As an illustrative example, the optimal voltages of the dampers of a six-storey shear building are obtained under the scaled El-Centro earthquake and used to train a set of integrated analysis-adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) as a controller. Results show that the overall performance of the proposed strategy is higher than most of the other conventional methods. 0 - 345 357 - - Amir Fayezioghani M.Sc, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran Iran amir.fayezi@gmail.com - - Hamid Moharrami Associate Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. Iran hamid.moharrami@gmail.com ANFIS Earthquake excitation MR Damper Optimal control Semi-Active Control Bani-Hani, Kh., Ghaboussi, J. and Schneider, S.P. (1999a). “Experimental study of identification and control of structures using neural network - part1: Identification”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 28(9), 995-1018.##Bani-Hani, Kh., Ghaboussi, J. and Schneider, S.P. (1999b). “Experimental study of identification and control of structures using neural network –part 2: Control”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 28(9), 1019-1039.##Casciati, F., Faravelli, L. and Yao, T. (1996). “Control of nonlinear structures using the fuzzy control approach”, Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics, 11(2), 171-187.##Chase, J.G., Barroso, L.R. and Hunt, S. (2004). “The impact of total acceleration control for semi-active earthquake hazard mitigation”, Journal of Engineering Structures, 26(2), 201-209.##Clough, R.W. and Penzin, J. (2003). Dynamics of structures, 3rd ed., Computers & Structures Inc., Berkeley.##Das, D., Datta, T.K. and Madan, A. (2011). “Semiactive fuzzy control of the seismic response of building frames with MR dampers”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 41(1), 99-118.##Dyke, S.J., Spencer, B.F., Sain, M.K. and Carlson, J.D. (1996). “Modeling and control of magneto-rheological dampers for seismic response reduction”, Journal of Smart Materials and Structures, 5(5), 565-575.##Dyke, S.J. and Spencer, Jr. B.F. (1997). “A comparison of semi-active control strategies for the MR damper”, Proceedings of Intelligent Information Systems, Grand Bahama Island.##Faruque, A. and Ramaswamy, A. (2009). “Optimal fuzzy logic control for MDOF structural systems using evolutionary algorithms”, Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 22(3), 407-419.##Ghaffarzadeh, H. (2013). “Semi-active structural fuzzy control with MR dampers subjected to near-fault ground motions having forward directivity and fling step”, Journal of Smart Structures and Systems, 12(6), 595-617.##Jansen, L.M. and Dyke, S.J. (2000). “Semi-active control strategies for MR dampers: Comparative study”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126(8), 795-803.##Kim, H.S. (2014). “Multi-input multi-output semi-active fuzzy control os seismic-excited building with evolutionary optimization algorithms”, International Journal of Control and Automation, 7(6), 143-152.##Kirk, D.E. (1970). Optimal control theory: An introduction, Prentice Hall Inc., New York.##K-Karamodin, A. and H-Kazemi, H. (2010). “Semi-active control of structures using neuro predictive algorithm for MR dampers”, Journal of Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 17(3), 237-253.##Liem, D.T., Truong, D.Q., Ahn, K.K. (2015). “Hysteresis modeling of magneto-rheological damper using self-tuning Lyapunov-based fuzzy approach”, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 16(1), 31-41.##Ohtori, Y., Christenson, R.E. and Spencer, B.F. (2004). “Benchmark control problems for seismically excited nonlinear buildings”, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 130(4), 366-385.##Schurter, K.C. and Roschke, P.N. (2001). “Neuro-fuzzy control of structures using acceleration feedback”, Journal of Smart Materials and Structures, 10(4), 770-779.##Shirazi, F.A., Mohammadpour, J., Grigoriadis, K.M. and Gangbing, S. (2012). “Identification and control of an MR damper with stiction effect and its application in structural vibration mitigation”, Journal of IEEE: Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 20(5), 1285-1301.##Xu, Y.L., Qu, W.L. and Ko, J.M. (2000). “Seismic response control of frame structures using magneto-rheological / electro-rheological dampers”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 29(5), 557-575.##Xu, Z.D. and Guo, Y.Q. (2008). “Neuro-fuzzy control strategy for earthquake-excited nonlinear magnetorheological structures”, Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 28(9), 717-727.##Yan, G. and Zhou, L.L. (2006). “Integrated fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms for multi-objective control of structures using MR dampers”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 296(1-2), 368-382.##Yao, J., Xia, X., Miao, Y., Ma, C. (2013). “Semi-active control system for magnetorheological damper based on identification model with fuzzy neural network”, Journal of Vibroengineering, 15(4), 2012-2021.##Zhang, J. and Roschke, P.N. (1999). “Active control of a tall structure excited by wind”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 83(1-3), 209-223.##

1 - Significance of Soil Compaction on Blast Resistant Behavior of Underground Structures: A Parametric Study https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55711.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.010 1 Dynamic response of underground structures has always been a topic of concern for designers and researchers. The behavior of these complicated systems under blast loading is affected by various factors and parametric studies are required to investigate their significance. The importance of soil density around the underground structure through which, the waves of explosion of a penetrator bomb is transferred, has been studied in this paper by using finite difference method (FDM). According to the results, soils with higher degrees of compactioncan absorb explosion energy more significantly. Therefore, the displacements and stresses of underground structure lining in denser soils are moderately lower. Thebending moment of the lining should be given attention, as regards being a critical design parameter. 0 - 359 372 - - M.J. Seyedan Graduate, Department of Civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Iran mj.seyedan@gmail.com - - Ehsan Seyedi Hosseininia Assistant Professor, Department of Civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Iran eseyedi@um.ac.ir Bomb Finite Difference Method Passive Defense Underground structure An, J., Tuan, C.Y., Cheeseman, B.A., Gazonas, G. (2011). “Simulation of soil behavior under blast loading”, International Journal of Geomechanics, 11(4), 323-334.##Bolton, M.D. (1986). “The strength and dilatancy of sands”, Geotechnique, 36(1), 65-78.##Bulson, P.S. (1997). Explosive loading of engineering structures. CRC Press, 272, London.##Desai, D., Naik, M., Rossler, K., and Stone, C. (2005). “New York subway caverns and crossovers- a tale of trials and tribulations”, Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC), Society of Mining Engineers, Littletone, 1303-1314.##Drake, J., and Little, C.D.J. (1983). “Ground shock from penetrating conventional weapons”, Interaction of Non-Nuclear Munitions with Structures, Proceedings of Symposium on Interaction of Non-nuclear Munitions with Structures, Colorado.##Farr, J.V. (1990). “One-dimensional loading rate effects”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(1), 119-135.##Feldgun, V.R., Karinski, Y.S., and Yankelevsky, D.Z. (2014). “The effect of an explosion in a tunnel on a neighboring buried structure”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 44, 42-55.##Feldgun, V.R., Kochetkov, A.V., Karinski, Y.S., Yankelevsky, D. (2008). “Internal blast loading in a buried lined tunnel”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35(3), 172-183.##Gholizad, A., and Rajabi, M. (2014). “Buried concrete structure under blast loading”, The Scientific Journal of Passive Defence Science and Technology, 4(3), 167-179.##Gui, M.W., and Chien, M.C. (2006). “Blast-resistant analysis for a tunnel passing beneath Taipei Shongsan airport– a parametric study”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24(2), 227-248.##Higgins, W., and Chakraborty, T. (2013). “A high strain-rate constitutive model for sand and its application in finite-element analysis of tunnels subjected to blast”, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37(15), 2590-2610.##Hu, Y., and Randolph, M.F. (1998). “A practical numerical approach for large deformation problems in soil”, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 22, 327-350.##Ishihara, K. (1996). Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 360.##Itasca Consulting Group. (2005). 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1 - Estimating Suspended Sediment by Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Trees (DT) and Sediment Rating Curve (SRC) Models (Case study: Lorestan Province, Iran) https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_55712.html 10.7508/ceij.2015.02.011 1 The aim of this study was to estimate suspended sediment by the ANN model, DT with CART algorithm and different types of SRC, in ten stations from the Lorestan Province of Iran. The results showed that the accuracy of ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm is more than the two other models, especially in high discharges. Comparison of different intervals in models showed that running models with monthly data,resulted in smaller error and better estimated results. Moreover, results showed that using Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (MVUE) bias correction factor modified the SRC results, especially in monthly time steps in almost all stations. Hence, it can be said that if because of advantages such as simplicity, SRC models are preferred, it is better that MSRC (modified sediment rating curve) is used in monthly period. 0 - 373 380 - - Fatemeh Barzegari Instructor of Agricultural Department, Payam Noor University, Iran. Iran fa_barzegar@yahoo.com - - Mohsen Yousefi M.Sc., Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Iran Iran mohsenyosefi67@gmail.com - - Ali Talebi Associate Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Iran. Iran talebisf@yazduni.ac.ir Artificial Neural Network CART algorithm Decision Tree Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm Sediment Rating Curve Abrahart, R.J. and White, S.M. (2001). “Modeling sediment transfer in Malawi: Comparing back propagation neural network solutions against a multiple linear regression benchmark using small data set”, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 26 (1), 19-24.##Asselman, N.E.M. (2000). “Fitting and interpretation of sediment rating curves”, Journal of Hydrology, 234(4), 228-248.##Cigizoglu, H.K. (2002). “Suspended sediment estimation for rivers using Artificial Neural Networks and sediment rating curves”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 26(1), 27-36.##Fenn, C., Gurnell, A. and Beecroft, I. (1985). “An evaluation of the use of suspended sediment rating curves for the prediction of suspended sediment concentration in a pro glacial stream”. Geografiska Annalar Series A: Physical Geography, 67(1-2), 71-82.##Heng ,S., and Suetsugi, T. (2013a).”Using artificial neural network to estimate sediment load in ungauged catchments of the Tonle Sap River Basin, Cambodia”, Journal of Water Resources Protection, 5(2), 111-123.##Heng , S., and Suetsugi, T. (2013b). “Investigation on applicability of data-driven models in ungauged catchments: sediment yield prediction”, Earth Resources, 1(2), 37-47.##Isik, S. (2013). “Regional rating curve models of suspended sediment transport for Turkey”, Earth Science Informatics, 6(2), 87-98.##Jain, S.K. (2001). “Development of integrated sediment rating curves using ANNs”, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 127(1), 30-37.##Kisi, O. (2005). “Suspended sediment estimation using neuro-fuzzy and neural network approaches”, Hydrological Sciences Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques, 50(4), August.##Kumar, S.A., Ojha, C., Goyal, M., Singh, R. and Swamee, P. (2011). “Modeling of suspended sediment concentration at Kasol in India using ANN, Fuzzy Logic, and Decision Tree algorithms”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(3), 394–404.##Melesse, A.M., Ahmad, S., McClain, M.E., Wang, X. and Lim, Y.H. (2011). “Suspended sediment load prediction of river systems: An artificial neural network approach”, Agricultural Water Management Journal, 98(5), 855-866.##Melesse, A.M., Ahmad, S., McClain, M.E., Wang, X. and Lim, Y.H. (2011). “Suspended sediment load prediction of river systems: An artificial neural network approach”, Agricultural Water Management Journal, 98(5), 855-866.##Morris, G.L. and Fan, J. (1998). “Reservoir sedimentation handbook”, Electronic Version 1.04, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN-10: 007043302X, pp. 805.##Mosaedi, A., Mohammadi Ostadkelayeh, A., Najafinejad, A. and Yaghmaiee, F. (2006). “Optimization of the relations between flow discharge and suspended sediment discharge in selected hydrometric stations of Gorganroud River”, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 59(2), 332-341, (In Persian).##Nagy, H.M., Watanabe, K.and Hirano, M. (2002). “Prediction of sediment load concentration in rivers using artificial neural network model”, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(6), 588-595.##Nourani, V., Kalantari, O. and Baghanam, A. (2012). “Two semi-distributed ANN-based models for estimation of suspended sediment load.” Journalof Hydrologic Engineering, 17(12), 1368-1380.##Rajaee, T., Mirbagheri, S.A. and Zounemat Kermani, M. (2009). “Daily suspended sediment concentration simulation using ANN and neura-fuzzy models”, Science of the Total Environment, 407, 4916-4927.##Rezapour, O.M., Shui, L.T. and Ahmad, D.B. (2010). “Review of Artificial Neural Network model for suspended sediment estimation”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 3347-3353.##Syvitski, J.P.M., Morehead, M.D., Bahr, D.B. and Mulder, T. (2000). “Estimating fluvial sediment transport: The rating parameters”, Water Resources Research Journal, 36(9), 2747-2760.##Walling, D.E. and Fang, D. (2003). “Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world’s rivers”, Global Planetary Change, 39(1), 111-126.##Walling, D.E. (1974). “Suspended sediment and solute yields from a small catchment prior to urbanization”, In: Gregory, K.J., Walling, D.E. (eds.), Fluvial Processes in Instrumented Watersheds, Institute of British Geographers, Special Publication, 6, 169-192.##Wang, H., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Saito, Y. and Liu, J.P. (2007). “Reconstruction of sediment flux from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) to the sea since the1860s”, Hydrology Journal, 349(3), 318-332.##Wolfs, V. and Willems, P. (2014). “Development of discharge-stage curves affected by hysteresis using time varying models, model trees and neural networks”, Environmental Modeling and Software, 55, 107-119.##