ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Construction Waste Generation in the Iranian Building Industry
Building industry as one of the greatest industries in Iran comprises a significant share of waste generation in the country. Since a large quantity of the generated construction waste is buried due to the lack of a recycling protocol, it leads to an undesired waste of resources and causes severe environmental issues. This paper provides a study on the problem of material loss/construction waste in the Iranian Building Industry regarding the impact of relevant shortcomings in the stages of design, construction and supervision as the main phases of construction process. This paper includes the case studies from Isfahan, Mazandaran, Qazvin and Zanjan provinces, with a focus on the most important elements underlying construction waste generation. It also presents the experts points of view on prefab and conventional construction methods considering construction waste generation through a questionnaire-based survey. In general, the results show that Iranian project managers, engineers, contractors and workers believe that from 40 to 100 percent of construction wastes can be reduced via application of prefab construction methods. The results indicate that prefabrication can be considered as a solution to waste reduction in the Iranian Building Industry, whereas there is a dominant conventional method application in the industry.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_70386_07adb978cb9d0e478d2e9c958e2de6ed.pdf
2019-06-01
1
10
10.22059/ceij.2019.245734.1440
Construction Waste
Iranian Building Industry
Prefabrication
Waste Reduction
Seyed Rahman
Eghbali
s.r.eghbali@arc.ikiu.ac.ir
1
Imam Khomeini International University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ravanbakhsh
Azizzadeh Araee
r.azizzadeh@edu.ikiu.ac.ir
2
Imam Khomeini International University, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism
AUTHOR
Aliasghar
Mofrad Boushehri
a.mofradboushehri@edu.ikiu.ac.ir
3
Imam Khomeini International University, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism
AUTHOR
Abdelhamid, M.S. (2014). "Assessment of different construction and demolition waste management approaches", HBRC Journal, 10(3), 317-326.
1
Ajayi, S.O., Oyedele, L.O., Akinade, O., Bilal, M., Owolabi, H.A., Alaka, H.A. and Kadiri, K.O. (2016). "Reducing waste to landfill: A need for cultural change in the UK construction industry", Journal of Building Engineering, 5, 185-193.
2
Baldwin, A., Poon, C.S., Shen, L.Y., Austin, S. and Wong, I. (2007). "Reducing construction waste by decisions within the design process", CIB World Building Congress, pp. 2568- 2583.
3
Baldwin, A., Shen, L.Y., Poon, C.S., Austin, S. and Wong, I. (2008). "Modelling design information to evaluate pre-fabricated and pre-cast design solutions for reducing construction waste in high rise residential buildings", Automation in Construction, 17(3), 333-341.
4
Chwieduk, D. (2003). "Towards sustainable-energy buildings", Applied Energy, 76(1-3), 211-217.
5
Construction Materials Recycling Association (CMRA). (2005). reflects and looks to the future. Construction Demolition Recycle. 7(5), 12(2).
6
Ding, Z., Wang, Y. and Zou, P.X. (2016). "An agent based environmental impact assessment of building demolition waste management: Conventional versus green management", Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1136-1153.
7
Esin, T. and Cosgun, N. (2007). "A study conducted to reduce construction waste generation in Turkey", Building and Environment, 42(4), 1667-1674.
8
Hendriks, C.F. and Petersen, H.S. (2000). "Sustainable raw materials construction and demolition waste", State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM Technical Committee, RILEM Publication (s.a.r.l.), France.
9
Jaillon, L. and Poon, C.S. (2014). "Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: A review and case studies in Hong Kong", Automation in Construction, 39, 195-202.
10
Jaillon, L., Poon C.S. and Chiang, Y.H. (2009). "Quantifying the waste reduction potential of using prefabrication in building construction in Hong Kong", Waste Management, 29, 309-320.
11
Khosravi, A. and Enayati, B. (2015). "Nano technology in building industry an effective way to reduce construction waste", First Conference in Building Environment, Iran.
12
Li, J., Vivian, W.Y. and Zuo, J. (2014). "Designers’ attitude and behavior towards construction waste minimization by design: A study in Shenzhen- China. Resources", Conservation and Recycling, 82, 1-7.
13
Liu, Z., Osmani, M., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. (2015). "A BIM-aided construction waste minimization framework", Automation in Construction, 59, 1-23.
14
Osmani, M., Glass, J. and Price, A. (2006). "Architect and contractor attitudes to waste minimization", Waste Resource Management, 159, 65-72.
15
Poon, C.S. (1997). "Management and recycling of demolition waste in Hong Kong", Waste Management and Research, 15, 561-572.
16
Poon, C.S. and Jaillon, L. (2002). "A guide for minimizing construction and demolition waste at the design stage", Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
17
Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T. and Jaillon, L. (2004). "Reducing building waste at construction sites in Hong Kong", Construction Management Economy, 22(5), 461-470.
18
Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T., Ching, S. and Cheung, E. (2004). "Minimizing demolition wastes in Hong Kong public housing projects", Construction Management and Economics, 22, 799-805.
19
Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T., Wong, A. and Yip, R. (2013). "Quantifying the impact of construction waste charging scheme on construction waste management in Hong Kong", Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139, 466-479.
20
Poon, C.S., Yu, A.T., Wong, S.W. and Cheung, E. (2003). "Management of construction waste in public housing projects in Hong Kong", Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
21
Poon, C.S., Yu. A.T. and Ng, L.H. (2001). "On-site sorting of construction and demolition waste in Hong Kong", Resources Conservation and Recycling, 32, 157-172.
22
Sajedi, F. and Yavari, A. (2016). "Construction waste management in Iran”, First International and Third National Conference in Architecture and Sustainable Urban Landscape, Mashhad, Iran.
23
Shen, L.Y. and Vivian, W.Y. (2002). "Implementation of environmental management in the Hong Kong construction industry", International Journal of Project Management, 20, 535-543.
24
Siefi, S., Karimi, H., Soffianian, A.R. and Pourmanafi, S. (2017). "GIS-based multi criteria evaluation for thermal power plant site selection in Kahnuj County, SE Iran", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 50(1), 179-189.
25
Skoyles, E.R. and Skoyles, J.R. (1987). Waste prevention on site, Mitchell Publishing, London.
26
Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). (2011) "Selected findings of the 2011 national population and housing census", http://www.amar.org.ir, 2016/04/05.
27
Tehran Waste Management Organization (TWMO). (2016). http://pasmand.tehran.ir, 2016/04/07.
28
Villoria, S.P., del Río Merino, M., San-Antonio González, A. and Porras-Amores, C. (2013). "Best practice measures assessment for construction and demolition waste management in building constructions", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 75, 52-62.
29
Wang, J., Li, Z., Tam, V.W., (2014). "Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization at the design stage: A Shenzhen case study, China", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 82, 1-7.
30
Wang, J., Li, Z., Tam, V.W., (2015). "Identifying best design strategies for construction waste minimization", Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 237-247.
31
Won, J., Cheng, J.C. and Lee, G. (2016). "Quantification of construction waste prevented by BIM-based design validation: Case studies in South Korea", Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
32
Yuan, H. and Shen, L.Y. (2011). "Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management", Waste Management, 31, 670-679.
33
Zerbock, O. (2003). "Urban solid waste management: Waste reduction in developing nations”, M.Sc. Proceeding, Michigan Technological University.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Processing Digital Image for Measurement of Crack Dimensions in Concrete
The elements of the concrete structure are most frequently affected by cracking. Crack detection is essential to ensure safety and performance during its service life. Cracks do not have a regular shape, in order to achieve the exact dimensions of the crack; the general mathematical formulae are by no means applicable. The authors have proposed a new method which aims to measure the crack dimensions of the concrete by utilizing digital image processing technique. A new algorithm has been defined in MATLAB. The acquired data has been analyzed to obtain the most precise results. Here both the length and width of the crack are obtained from image processing by removing background noise for the accuracy of measurement. A semi-automatic methodology is adapted to measure the crack length and crack width. The applicability of the program is verified with the past literature works.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_70387_beca65496f1a74c637a7fee2b929783d.pdf
2019-06-01
11
22
10.22059/ceij.2019.246397.1444
Algorithm
Crack Length
Crack Width
Cracks
Digital Image Processing
T.
Barkavi
barkavicivil@gmail.com
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Natarajan
Chidambarathanu
nataraj@nitt.edu
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology-Tiruchirappalli
AUTHOR
Abdel-Qader, I., Abudayyeh, O. and Kelly, M.E. (2003). "Analysis of edge-detection techniques for crack identification in bridges", Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 17(4), 255-263.
1
ACI 224R-90. (1990). "Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures", America Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
2
Firdousi, R. and Parveen, S. (2014). "Local thresholding techniques in image binarization", International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, 3(3), 4062-4065.
3
Kabir, S. and Rivard, P. (2007). "Damage classification of concrete structures based on grey level co-occurrence matrix using Haar\'s discrete wavelet transform", Computers and Concrete, 4(3), 243-257.
4
Khalili, K. and Vahidnia, M. (2014). "Improving the accuracy of crack length measurement using machine vision", 8th International Conference Inter-Disciplinarily in Engineering., Procedia Technology, 19, 48-55.
5
Koch, C., Georgieva, K., Kasireddy, V., Akinci, B. and Fieguth, P. (2015). "A review on computer vision based defect detection and condition assessment of concrete and asphalt civil infrastructure", Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29(2), 196-210.
6
Laefer, D.F., Gannon, J. and Deely, E. (2010). "Reliability of crack detection methods for baseline condition assessments", Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 16(2), 129-137.
7
Lattanzi, D. and Miller, G.R. (2014). "Robust automated concrete damage detection algorithms for field applications", Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 28(2), 253-262.
8
Li, S. and An, X. (2014). "Method for estimating workability of self-compacting concrete using mixing process images", Computers and Concrete, 13(6), 781-798.
9
Martins, A.P., Pizolato Junior, J.C. and Belini, V.L. (2013). "Image-based method for monitoring of crack opening on masonry and concrete using mobile platform", Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 6(3), 414-435.
10
Mohammadizadeh, M. (2018). "Identification of Structural Defects Using Computer Algorithms", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 51(1), 55-86.
11
Önal, O., Özden, G. and Felekoglu, B. (2008). "A methodology for spatial distribution of grain and voids in self-compacting concrete using digital image processing methods", Computers and Concrete, 5(1), 61-74.
12
Prasanna, P., Dana, K., Gucunski, N. and Basily, B. (2012). "Computer-vision based crack detection and analysis, in SPIE smart structures and materials + nondestructive evaluation and health monitoring", In Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical and Aerospace Systems, Vol. 8345, pp. 834542, International Society for Optics and Photonics.
13
Yamaguchi, T. and Hashimoto, S. (2010). "Fast crack detection method for large-size concrete surface images using percolation-based image processing", Machine Vision and Applications, 21(5), 797-809.
14
Yu, S.N., Jang, J.H. and Han, C.S. (2007). "Auto inspection system using a mobile robot for detecting concrete cracks in a tunnel", Automation in Construction, 16(3), 255-261.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Study of Anchored Wall Performance with Two Facing Designs
The present study compared the performance of soldier pile and concrete bearing pad anchored wall facings. Using Abaqus finite element software, two case studies have been precisely represented for the facing designs and effects of the parameters of soil type, spacing of anchors and facings, surcharge and facing sizes were investigated. The analysis results indicate that the soldier pile method can efficiently reduce anchored wall deformation, especially at the wall crest. The horizontal deformation at the top of the anchored soldier pile wall was about half of the wall anchored with concrete bearing pads. Soil arching between the anchors in the horizontal direction was more effective in the soldier pile wall and the bending moment of the laggings in the soldier pile wall was considerably less than that of the anchorage with bearing pads.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_70385_164ac9f156e08e0b7ae87bc6a418bc62.pdf
2019-06-01
23
40
10.22059/ceij.2019.243644.1427
Anchor
Bearing Pad
Excavation
Facing Designs
Soldier Pile
Farshad
Rashidi
farshad_rashidi70@yahoo.com
1
Department of Civil Eng., Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hadi
Shahir
shahir@khu.ac.ir
2
Department of Civil Eng., Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamed
Arefizadeh
hamedrfiz@gmail.com
3
Department of Civil Eng., Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Baghaee, A. and Salehi, M. (2011). “Numerical study of deformation of deep excavations stabilized by nailing and anchorage with bearing pad methods”, Proceedings of the First National Conference of Civil and Development, Iran.
1
Briad, J.L. and Lim, Y. (1999). “Tieback walls in sand: Numerical simulation and design implications”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, ASCE, 125(2), 101-110.
2
Ghanbari, A., Hamidi, A. and Abdolahzadeh, N. (2013). “A study of the rockfill material behavior in large-scale tests”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(2), 125-143.
3
Hong, SH., Lee, F. and Yong, KY. (2003). “Three-dimensional pile-soil interaction in soldier-piled excavation”, Computer and Geotechnics, 30(1), 81-107.
4
Iskandari, N. (2013). “Static and dynamic behavior of flexible pad and anchor retaining structure”, Master Thesis, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
5
Mun, B. and Oh, J. (2016). “Hybrid soil nail, tieback and soldier pile wall, A case history and numerical simulation”, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 11(1), 1-9.
6
Rashidi, F. and Shahir, H. (2017). “Numerical investigation of anchored soldier pile wall performance in the presence of surcharge”, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 13(2), 162-171.
7
Sabatini, P.J., Pass, D.G. and Bachus, R.C. (1999). “Geotechnical engineering circular No. 4: Ground anchors and anchored systems, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)”, Report No. FHWA-IF-99-015.
8
Seyedan, M.J. and Seyedi Hosseininia, E. (2015). “Significance of soil compaction on blast resistant behavior of underground structures: A parametric study”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 48(2), 359-372.
9
Talebi, F. (2014). “Three-dimensional numerical modeling of excavation stabilization by anchorage and pad method”, Master Thesis, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
10
Vermeer, P.A., Punlor, A. and Ruse, N. (2001). “Arching effects behind a soldier pile wall”, Computers and Geotechnics, 28, 379-396.
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Structural Height on the Location of Key Element in Progressive Collapse of RC Structures
After the failure of an element in a structure, its loads should be redistributed on the other elements and the structure must provide some new paths to carry the load. If such new load paths are not provided, collapse progression will begin in the structure. As the beginning of progressive collapse in a structure is more sensitive to the missing of an element, the location of that element is more important to be found. The most sensitive element is called the key element. In this paper, sensitivity analysis is modified following GSA and DoD guidelines and used for finding the key element of symmetric structures with different heights. Four structures with different heights have been analyzed for every column missing event and the load carrying conditions of the structures have been monitored. The results showed that the location of the key element in the plan and height of the structure is different in structures with different heights.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_70388_3ca91141669a26348218ed019ea236b5.pdf
2019-06-01
41
58
10.22059/ceij.2019.247588.1449
Progressive Collapse
Modified Sensitivity Analysis
Key Element
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Tall Buildings
Ali
kheyroddin
kheyroddin@semnan.ac.ir
1
Civil Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Kazem
Sharbatdar
msharbatdar@semnan.ac.ir
2
Civil Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Farahani
a.farahani@semnan.ac.ir
3
Civil Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abdollahzadeh, G., Nemati, M. and Avazeh, M. (2016). “Probability assessment and risk management of progressive collapse in strategic buildings facing blast loads”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2), 327-338.
1
Al-Salloum, Y.A., Abbas, H., Almusallam, T.H., Ngo, T. and Mendis, P. (2017). "Progressive collapse analysis of a typical RC high-rise tower", Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, 29(4), 313-320.
2
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), (2010). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures”, SEI/ASCE 7-10, Reston, Va.
3
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), (2014). “Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings”, ASCE/SEI 41-13, Reston, Virginia, USA.
4
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2006). Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, ISBN 970-0-7844-0884-1, Reston, Virginia, USA.
5
Amiri, S., Saffari, H. and Mashhadi, J. (2017). “Assessment of dynamic increase factor for progressive collapse analysis of RC structures”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 84, 300-310.
6
Choi, J.H. and Chang, D.K. (2009). “Prevention of progressive collapse for building structures to member disappearance by accidental actions”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(6), 1016-1019.
7
Choi, H., and J. Kim. (2011). “Progressive collapse-resisting capacity of RC beam-column sub-assemblage”, Magazine of Concrete Researches, 63(4), 297-310.
8
Department of Defense (DoD). (2005). “Design of structures to resist progressive collapse”, UFC 4-023-03, Washington DC, United States.
9
Department of Defense (DoD). (2009). “Design of structures to resist progressive collapse”, UFC 4-023-03, Washington DC, United States.
10
Department of Defense (DoD). (2010). “Design of Structures to Resist Progressive Collapse”, UFC 4-023-03, 2009, Including Change 1, 27 January 2010, Washington DC, United States.
11
Department of Defense (DoD). (2013). “Design of structures to resist progressive collapse”, UFC 4-023-03, 2009, Including Change 2, 1 June 2013, Washington DC, United States.
12
Ettouney, M., Smilowitz, R., Tang, M. and Hapij, A. (2006). “Global system considerations for progressive collapse with extensions to other natural and man-made hazards”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(4), 403-417.
13
Fu, F. (2009). “Progressive collapse analysis of high-rise building with 3-D Finite Element modeling method”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65, 1269-1278.
14
Fu, F. (2010). “3-D nonlinear dynamic progressive collapse analysis of multi-storey steel composite frame buildings, Parametric study”, Engineering Structures, 32, 3974-3980.
15
Frangopol, D.M. and Curley, J.P. (1987). “Effects of damage and redundancy on structural reliability”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 113(7), 1533-1549.
16
Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. and Saunders, O. (1968). “Collapse of flats at ronan point, canning town”, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
17
Hadianfard, M.A., Farahani, A. and B-Jahromi, A. (2012). “On the effect of steel columns cross sectional properties on the behaviours when subjected to blast loading”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 44(4), 449-463.
18
Iranian Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC). (2013a). Building design codes for earthquakes, Standard 2800, 4th Edition, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
19
Iranian Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC). (2013b). “Iranian national building code No. 6: Loading”, INBC 6, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
20
Iranian Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC). (2013c). “Iranian national building code No. 9: Reinforced concrete structure design”, INBC 9, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
21
Izzuddin, B.A., Vlassis, A.G., Elghazouli, A.Y. and Nethercot, D.A. (2008). “Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss-part i: Simplified assessment framework”, Engineering Structures, 30(5), 1308-1318.
22
Khandelwal, K., El-Tawil, Sh. and Sadek, F. (2009). “Progressive collapse analysis of seismically designed steel braced frames”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65(3), 699-708.
23
Kheyroddin, A. and Mehrabi, F. (2012). “Assessment of progressive collapse potential of steel frame due to sudden corner column loss”, Wulfenia Journal, 19(10), 392-408.
24
Kheyroddin, A., Gerami, M. and Mehrabi, F. (2012). “Assessment of the dynamic effect of steel frame due to sudden middle column loss”, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 23(5), 390-402.
25
Kim, J., Park J.H. and Lee. T.H. (2011). “Sensitivity analysis of steel buildings subjected to column loss”, Journal of Engineering Structures, 33, 421-432.
26
Krauthammer, T. and Cipolla, J. (2007), “Building blast simulation and progressive collapse analysis”, NAFEMS World Congress, Quebec City, Canada.
27
Krauthammer, T. (2008). Modern protective structures, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
28
Leyendecker, E.V. and Burnett, E.F.P. (1976). “The incidence of abnormal loading in residential buildings”, National Bureau of Standards, December.
29
Leyendecker, E.V., Breen, J.E., Somes, N.F. and Swatta, M. (1975). “Abnormal loading on buildings and progressive collapse: an annotated bibliography”, National Bureau of Standards, May.
30
Li, L., Wang, W., Chen, Y. and Teh, L.H. (2017). “A basis for comparing progressive collapse resistance of moment frames and connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 139, 1-5.
31
Mashhadiali N. and Kheyroddin, A. (2013). “Progressive collapse assessment of new hexagrid structural system for tall buildings”, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 23(12), 947-961.
32
Mashhadiali, N., Gholhaki, M., Kheyroddin, A., Zahiri-Hashemi, R., (2016), “Technical note: analytical evaluation of the vulnerability of framed tall buildings with steel plate shear wall to progressive collapse”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 14(8), 595-608.
33
Mashhadiali, N., Kheyroddin, A. and Zahiri-Hashemi, R. (2016). “Dynamic increase factor for investigation of progressive collapse potential in tall tube-type buildings”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(6), 04016050.
34
McConnella, J.R. and Brown, H. (2011). “Evaluation of progressive collapse alternate load path analyses in designing for blast resistance of steel columns”, Engineering Structures, 33, 2899-2909.
35
Sadek, F., Main, J.A., Lew, H.S. and Bao, Y. (2011). “Testing and analysis of steel and concrete beam-column assemblies under a column removal scenario”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(9), 881-892.
36
Saltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D., Saisana, M. and Tarantola, S. (2008). Global sensitivity analysis, The Primer, John Wiley and Sons.
37
Santafe, I.B., Berke, P., Bouillard, P., Vantomme, J. and Massart, T.J. (2011). “Investigation of the influence of design and material parameters in the progressive collapse analysis of RC structures”, Engineering Structures, 33, 2805-2820.
38
SAP2000. (2012). Computer software, Computers and Structures, Berkeley, CA.
39
Takumi, I. and Toshinobu, T. (2014). “Sensitivity analysis related to redundancy of regular and irregular framed structures after member disappearance”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 3(4), 297-304.
40
Tavakoli, H.R. and Kiakojouri, F. (2014). “Progressive collapse of framed structures: suggestions for robustness assessment”, Scientia Iranica, Transaction A, Civil Engineering, 21(2), 329.
41
Tavakoli, H. and Kiakojouri, F. (2015). “Threat-independent column removal and fire-induced progressive collapse: Numerical study and comparison”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 48(1), 121-131
42
Tavakoli, H.R. and Rashidi Alashti, A. (2013). “Evaluation of progressive collapse potential of multi-story moment resisting steel frame buildings under lateral loading”, Scientia Iranica, 20(1), 77-86.
43
The U.S. General Service Administrations (GSA). (2003). “Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization project”, Washington DC.
44
Vlassis, A.G., Izzuddin, B.A., Elghazouli, A.Y. and Nethercot, D.A. (2008). “Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss, Part II: Application”, Engineering Structures, 30(5), 1424-1438.
45
Wada, A. and Wang, Zh. (1989). “A study on strength deterioration of indeterminate double-layer space truss due to accidental member failure”, Journal of Structural and Constructional Engineering, Transactions of AIJ, 402, 89-99.
46
Zahrai, S.M. and Ezoddin, A. (2014). “Numerical study of progressive collapse in intermediate moment resisting reinforced concrete frame due to column removal”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(1), 71-88.
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of the Slot Length on Beam Vertical Shear in I-Beams with Moment Connections
This paper evaluates the effect of slot existence with limited length between flanges and web junction of I-shaped beams at the region of moment connections on vertical force and shear stress distribution in beam flanges and web at connection section in comparison with classical theory of stress distribution. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of the slot in connections such as slotted web beam to column connection in modern age. The issue of the slot has many benefits but very little studies have been done on it. Accordingly, one hundred and twenty models with two moment connections under the concentrated static load in mid span have been made for doing parametric study in ANSYS Workbench finite element software. The linear static analysis was done on all constructed models. Variable parameters in these models for parametric study include slot length between flange and web junction in connection region (from 0 to 190 mm), beam length, beam section height and Poisson’s ratio of beam material. In all models the amount of shear stress in section height over the section vertical axis in connection region and also the devoted contribution from force which goes to flanges and web under the concentrated load on mid span have been calculated. Performed studies have shown that vertical shear stress distribution in beam to column connection section with moment connection differs a lot from what is stated in mechanics of materials equations. Practically the available equations in regulations which state that web receives the entire vertical shear and ignore the contribution of flanges are not reliable. In addition, studies have shown that the slot existence in junction of web and flanges in connection section with limited length can has great effect on the quality of vertical shear stress distribution over the section of connection and also the slot existence has great effect on the reduction of shear stress in flanges and increase in shear stress in web according to classical theory. As a total result, nowadays slotted web beam to column connection can be used as a fantastic and simple idea to improve modern connections behavior.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71526_968964fb6142307f5829cbda91774cfa.pdf
2019-06-01
59
84
10.22059/ceij.2019.250273.1456
Moment Connection
Slot Length between Flanges and Web Junction
Vertical Shear Stress
gholamreza
abdollahzadeh
g.abdollahzadeh@ymail.com
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Morteza
Naghipour
m.naghipour@nit.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Shabanzadeh
shabanzadehh@nit.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
AUTHOR
Abdollahzadeh, G.R. and Ghobadi, F. (2014). “Mathematical modeling of column-base connections under monotonic loading”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(2), 255-272.
1
Ahmed, S.R., Khan, M.R., Islam, K.M.S. and Uddin, M.W. (1998). “Investigation of stresses at the fixed end of deep cantilever beams”, Computers and Structures, 69, 329-338.
2
AISC. (2016). Specification for structural steel buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction.
3
Beer, F.P., Johnston, E.R. and De Wolf, J. (2014). Mechanics of materials, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill Education.
4
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5
Dubina, D., Ciutina, A. and Stratan, A. (2001). “Cyclic tests of double-sided beam-to column joints”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 127(2), 129-136.
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Durelli, A.J. and Ranganayakamma, B. (1989). “Parametric solution of stresses in beams”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 115(2), 401.
7
FEMA. (2000). “Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment frame buildings”, FEMA 350, Richmond (CA), SAC Joint Venture.
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Goswami, R. and Murty, C. (2009). “Externally reinforced welded I-beam-to-box-column seismic connection”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 136(1), 23-30.
9
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10
Jalali, S., Banazadeh, M., Abolmaali, A. and Tafakori E. (2012). “Probabilistic seismic demand assessment of steel moment frames with side-plate connections”, Scientia Iranica, 19(1), 27-40.
11
Kang, C.H., Kim, Y.J.d., Shin, K.J. and Oh, Y.S. (2013). “Experimental investigation of composite moment connections with external stiffeners”, Advances in Structural Engineering, 16(10), 1683-1700.
12
Kelly, P. (2013). Solid mechanics, engineering solid mechanics, The University of Auckland.
13
Lee, K.H., Goel, S.C. and Stojadinovic, B. (2000). “Boundary effects in steel moment connections”, Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
14
Lewei, T., Xuewei, H., Feng, Z. and Yiyi, C. (2016). “Experimental and numerical investigations on extremely-low-cycle fatigue fracture behavior of steel welded joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 119, 98-112.
15
Maleki, S. and Tabbakhha, M. (2012). “Numerical study of slotted-web-reduced-flange moment connection”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 69(1), 1-7.
16
Mahmoudi, M., Vatani, Oskouie A. and Havaran, A. (2013). “The effect of easy-going steel on KBF's seismic behavior”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 46(1), 81-94.
17
Miller, D.K. (1998). “Lessons learned from the Northridge earthquake”, Engineering Structures, 20(4-6), 249-60.
18
Mohamad, A., Morshedi, M.A., Dolatshahi, K.M. and Maleki, Sh. (2017). “Double reduced beam section connection”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 138, 283-297.
19
Nikoukalam, M. and Dolatshahi, K.M. (2015). “Development of structural shear fuse in moment resisting frames”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 114, 349-361.
20
Rahman, M.Z., Ahmed, T. and Imtiaz, R.M. (2013). “Investigation of stresses in a beam with fixed connection using Finite Difference technique”, Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering, 13(2), Version 1.0, 7-15.
21
Ramirez, C.M., Lignos, D.G., Miranda, E. and Kolios, D. (2012). “Fragility functions for pre-Northridge welded steel moment-resisting beam-to-column connections”, Journal of Engineering Structures, 45, 574-584.
22
Ricles, J.M., Sause, R., Garlock, M.M. and Zhao, C. (2001). “Post-tensioned seismic-resistant connections for steel frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 127(2), 113-121.
23
Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N. (1979). Theory of elasticity, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
24
Uddin, M.W. (1966). “Finite Difference solution of two-dimensional elastic problems with mixed boundary conditions”, M.Sc. Thesis, Carleton University, Canada.
25
Valente, M., Castiglioni, C.A. and Kanyilmaz, A. (2017). “Numerical investigations of repairable dissipative bolted fuses for earthquake resistant composite steel frames”, Journal of Engineering Structure, 131, 275-292.
26
Valente, M., Castiglioni, C.A. and Kanyilmaz, A. (2017). “Welded fuses for dissipative beam-to column connections of composite steel frames: Numerical analyses”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 128, 498-511.
27
Vetr, M.Gh., Miri, M. and Ghaffari, F. (2012). “Seismic behavior of the Slotted Web (SW) connection on the Iranian I-shape profiles through experimental studies”, The Fifteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
28
Wilkinson, S., Hurdman, G. and Crowther, A. (2006). “A moment resisting connection for earthquake resistant structures”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 62(3), 295-302.
29
Yu, Q.S.K., Uang, C.M. and Gross, J. (2000). “Seismic rehabilitation design of steel moment connection with welded haunch”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 126(1), 69-78.
30
Zirakian, T. (2008). “Lateral–distortional buckling of I-beams and the extrapolation techniques”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 64, 1-11.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Reinforced Sand Slope Using Geogird Encased Stone Column
Among all of the slope stability methods, use of stone columns and geosynthetic elements can be a good way for stabilizing. One of the efficient ways in order to reinforce earth slopes is Geogrid Encased Stone Column (GESC). This technique can dramatically increase bearing capacity and decrease settlement rate. The aim of this paper is experimentally to investigate a comparison between the behavior of Ordinary Stone Column (OSC) and GESC for reinforcing of sand slopes. The slope was constructed using raining technique and reinforced using GESC. The slope saturated through precipitation and loading procedure applied. The obtained results compared and verified with 3D Finite Difference Method (3DFDM). Both experimental and numerical analyses indicated that location of GESC in middle of the slope increases the bearing capacity of slope crown 2.17 times than OSC.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71527_b00a6758e924e7363db18b0984b5b76e.pdf
2019-06-01
85
100
10.22059/ceij.2019.253069.1468
Geogrid Encasement
Sand Slope
Stabilization
Stone Column
Mohammad
Hajiazizi
mhazizi@yahoo.com
1
Civil Engineering-Razi University-Kermanshah-Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoud
Nasiri
m.nasiri.edu@gmail.com
2
Civil Eng.-Razi University-Kermanshah-Iran
AUTHOR
Aboshi, H., Ichimoto, E., Harada, K. and Emoki, M. (1979). “The composer: A method to improve the characteristics of soft clays by inclusion of large diameter sand columns”, Proceedings of International Conference on Soil Reinforcement, E.N.P.C., 1, Paris, 211-216.
1
Beneito, C. and Gotteland, Ph. (2001). “Three-dimensional numerical modeling of geosynthetics mechanical behavior”, Proceedings of the Second International FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics, Lyon, France, 29-31.
2
Castro, J., Cimentada, A., Costa, A., Ganizal, J. and Sagaseta, C. (2013). “Consolidation and deformation around stone columns: Comparison of theoretical and laboratory results”, Computers and Geotechnics, 49, 326-337.
3
Choobasti, A.J. and Pichka, H. (2014). “Improvement of soft clay using installation of geosynthetic-encased stone column: Numerical study”, Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 7(2), 597-607.
4
Connor, S.S. and Gorski, A.G. (2000). “A timely solution for the Nojoqi Grade landslide, Repair US 101 South of Buellton”, In 51st Annual Highway Geology Symposium, Seattle, 1-11.
5
Debnath, P. and Dey, K. (2018). “Prediction of bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced stone columns using support vector regression”, International Journal of Geomechanics, 18(2), 1-15.
6
Dheerendra, B.M.R., Sitaram, N. and Shivashankar, R. (2013). “A critical review of construction, analysis and behavior of stone column”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 31(1), 1-22.
7
Fakher, A. and Jones, C.J.F.P. (1996). “Discussion on bearing capacity of rectangular footings on geogrid reinforced sand by Yetimoglu, T., Wu, J.T.H., Saglamer,A.”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122, 326-327.
8
Fattah, M.Y., Zabar, B. and Hassan, H.A. (2016). “Experimental analysis of embankment on ordinary and encased stone columns”, International Journal of Geomechanics, 16(4), 1-13.
9
Fattah, M.Y. and Majeed. Q.G. (2012). “Finite Element analysis of geogrid encased stone columns”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30, 713-726.
10
Greenwood, D.A. (1970). “Mechanical improvement of soils below ground surface”, In Proceedings of Ground Engineering Conference. Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 11-22.
11
Gueguin, M., Hassen, G. and Buhan, P. (2015). “Stability analysis of homogenized stone column reinforced foundations using a numerical yield design approach”, Computers and Geotechnics, 64, 10-19.
12
Gu, M., Han, J. and Zhao, M. (2017). “Three-dimensional DEM analysis of single geogrid-encased stone columns under unconfined compression: a parametric study”, Acta Geotechnica, 12(3), 559-572.
13
Gu, M., Han, J. and Zhao, M., (2017). “Three-dimensional Discrete-Element method analysis of stresses and deformations of a single geogrid-encased stone column”, International Journal of Geomechanics, 17(9), 1-14.
14
Haghbin, M. and Ghazavi, M. (2016). “Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings on pile-stabilized slopes”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(1), 111-126.
15
Hajiazizi, M., Nasiri, M. and Mazaheri, A.R. (2018). “The effect of fixed piles tip on stabilization of earth slopes”, Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering, 25(5), 2550-2560.
16
Hajiazizi, M. and Nasiri, M. (2018). “Experimental and numerical comparison between reinforced earth slope using ordinary stone column and rigid stone column”, International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering (IJMGE), 52(1), 23-30.
17
Hajiazizi, M. and Nasiri, M. (2016). “Experimental studies of cohesion effect on stability of soil slopes reinforced with stone column”, Modares Civil Engineering Journal (M.C.E.J.), 16(5), 65-78.
18
Han, J. and Ye, S.L. (2002). “A theoretical solution for consolidation rates of stone column-reinforced foundation accounting for smear and well resistance effects”, International Journal of Geomechanics, 2(2), 135-151.
19
Han, J. and Ye, S.L. (2001). “A simplified method for computing consolidation rate of stone column reinforced foundations”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 127(7), 597-603.
20
Hegde, A.M. and Sitharam, T.G. (2015). “Experimental and numerical studies on protection of buried pipe line sand underground utilities using geocells”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 43(5), 372-381.
21
Hughes, J.M.O., Withers, N.J. and Greenwood D.A. (1975). “A field trial of the reinforcing effect of a stone column in soil”, Geotechnique, 25(1), 31-44.
22
Khabbazian, M., Meehan, C.L. and Kaliakin, V., (2014). “Column supported embankments with geosynthetic encased columns: Parametric study”, Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, 1, 301-325.
23
Kempfert, H.G. (2003). “Ground improvement methods with special emphasis on column-type techniques”, International Workshop on Geotechnics of Soft Soils, Theory and Practice, Netherlands, 101–112.
24
Lai, H.J., Zheng, J.J., Zhang, J., Zhang, R.J. and Cui, L. (2014). “DEM analysis of “soil”-arching within geogrid-reinforced and unreinforced pile-supported embankments”, Computers and Geotechnics, 61, 13-23.
25
Madhav, M.R. and Miura, N. (1994). “Soil improvement panel report on stone columns”, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India, 163-164.
26
Marandi, S.M., Anvar, M. and Bahrami, M. (2016). “Uncertainty analysis of embankment built on stone column improved soft soil using fuzzy logic α-cut technique”, Computers and Geotechnics, 75, 135-144.
27
Mofidi, J., Farzaneh, O. and Askari, F. (2014). “Bearing capacity of strip footing near slopes using lower bound limit analysis”, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 47(1), 89-109.
28
Sawwaf, M. (2005). “Strip footing behavior on pile and sheet pile-stabilized sand slope”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 131(6), 705-715.
29
Sivakumar, V., McKelvey, D., Graham, J. and Hughes, D. (2004). “Triaxial test on model sand columns in clay”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 41, 299-312.
30
Yoo, C. (2015). “Settlement behavior of embankment on geosynthetic encased stone column installed soft ground, A numerical investigation”, Geotextile and Geomembranes, 43(6), 484-492.
31
Zhang, C., Jiang, G., Liu, X. and Buzzi, O. (2016). “Arcing in geogrid-reinforced pile-supported embankments over silty clay of medium compressibility: Field data and analytical solution”, Computers and Geotechnics, 77, 11-25.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Considering a New Sample Unit Definition for Pavement Condition Index
One of the main components of pavement management system (PMS) is pavement evaluation. Several indices have been defined for the evaluation of existing pavement. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a common index used for pavement evaluation. In order to calculate PCI, a significant volume of condition data -based on distress surveying- is required. The objective of this research is to reduce the volume of required data by introducing a new sample unit definition. For this reason, “wheel path sample units” were defined and used instead of the standard sample unit (according to ASTM D6433). The analysis of results showed that not only there is no significant difference between standard and wheel path PCIs, but also there is a good correlation between standard PCI and both wheel path PCI (PCIw) and outside wheel path PCI (PCIow), corresponding to R2 = 0.929 and R2 = 0.874, respectively. Also, PCIow saves a great amount of time and energy.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71528_6eb41178feadcb90449ba6d534021b0f.pdf
2019-06-01
101
114
10.22059/ceij.2019.254376.1472
Pavement Evaluation
PCI
Standard Sample Unit
Wheel Path Sample Unit
alireza
khavandi khiavi
khavandi@znu.ac.ir
1
uni. of zanjan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Naghiloo
naghiloo.mohammad@yahoo.com
2
university of zanjan
AUTHOR
Ramin
Rasouli
rasouli.ramin@znu.ac.ir
3
university of zanjan
AUTHOR
AASHTO Report. (1990). “AASHTO guidelines for pavement management system”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
1
AASHTO Reports. (2001). “Standard practice for quantifying cracks in asphalt pavement surfaces”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
2
Arhin, S.A., Williams, L.N., Ribbiso, A. and Anderson, M.F. (2015). “Predicting pavement condition index using international roughness index in a dense urban area”, Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5(1), 10-17.
3
ASTM D6433-07. (2007). “Standard practice for roads and parking lots pavement condition index surveys”, Copyright ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA.
4
Babashamsi, P., Yusoff, N.I.M., Ceylan, H., Nor, N.G.M. and Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, H. (2016). “Evaluation of pavement life cycle cost analysis: Review and analysis”, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 9(4), 241-254.
5
Broten, M. and Sombre, R.D. (2001). “The airfield Pavement Condition Index (PCI) evaluation procedure: Advantages, common misapplications, and potential pitfalls”, 5th International Conference on Managing Pavements, Seattle, Washington.
6
Ceylan, H., Gopalakrishnan, K., Bayrak, M.B. and Guclu, A. (2012). “Noise-tolerant inverse analysis models for nondestructive evaluation of transportation infrastructure systems using neural networks”, Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 28(3), 233-251.
7
Dennis, E.P., Hong, Q., Wallace, R., Tansil, W. and Smith, M. (2014). “Pavement condition monitoring with connected vehicle”, Michigan Department of Transportation, Center for Automotive Research, https://www.cargroup.org/?module=Publications&event=View&pubID=104.
8
Hu, J., Vennapusa, P.K.R., White, D.J. and Beresnev, I. (2016). “Pavement thickness and stabilised foundation layer assessment using ground-coupled GPR”, Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 31(3), 267-287.
9
Hudson, W.R., Haas, R. and Pedigo, R.D. (1979). “NCHRP report 215: Pavement management system development”, Transportation Research Board.
10
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11
Luo, W., Wang, K.C.P. and Li, L. (2012). “Wheel path definition based on multi-factor traffic wander model”, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, United States.
12
Miller, J.S. and Bellinger W.Y. (2014). “Distress identification manual for the long-term pavement performance program”, U.S. Department of Transportation, Report No: FHWA-HRT-13-092.
13
Múčka, P. (2013). “Correlation among road unevenness indicators and vehicle vibration response”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138 (9), 1099-1112.
14
Papagiannakis, A., Gharaibeh, N., Weissmann, J. and Wimsatt, A. (2009). “Pavement scores synthesis”, Texas Transportation Institute, Report No: FHWA/TX-09/0-6386-1.
15
Pierce, L.M., McGovern, G. and Zimmerman, K.A. (2013). “Practical guide for quality management of pavement condition data collection”, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
16
Prozzi, J.A. and Madanat, S.M. (2002). “A non-linear model for predicting pavement serviceability”, Seventh International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation (AATT), Boston Marriot, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
17
Saraf, C.L. (1998). “Pavement condition rating system: Review of PCR methodology”, Ohio Department of Transportation, Report No: FHWA/OH-99/001.
18
Shah, R., McMann, O. and Borthwick, F. (2017). “Challenges and prospects of applying asset management principles to highway maintenance: A case study of the UK”, Transportation Research: Part A, 97, 231-243.
19
Shah, Y.U., Jain, S.S., Tiwari, D. and Jain, M.K. (2013). “Development of overall pavement condition index for urban road network”, 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG), Agra, Utter Pradesh, India, 332-341.
20
Suh, Y.C., Kwon, H.J., Park, K.S., Ohm, B.S. and Kim, B.I. (2017). “Correlation analysis between pavement condition indices in Korean roads”, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(4), 1-8.
21
Taherkhani, H. (2016a). “Investigating the effects of nanoclay and nylon fibers on the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete”, Civil Engineering Infrastructure Journal, 49(2), 235-249.
22
Taherkhani, H. (2016b). “Investigating the properties of asphalt concrete containing glass fibers and nanoclay”, Civil Engineering Infrastructure Journal, 49(1), 45-58.
23
Walker, D., Entine, L. and Kummer, S. (2013). “Pavement surface evaluation and rating study- (PASER)”, Transportation Information Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
24
Wolters, A., Zimmerman, K., Schattler, K. and Rietgraf, A. (2011). “Implementing pavement management systems for local agencies”, Illinois Centre for Transportation. Research Report ICT-11-094-1.
25
Zimmerman, K.A. and Peshkin, D.G. (2004). “Issues in integrating pavement management and preventive maintenance”, Transportation Research Record, 1889(1), 13-20.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Earthquake Disaster Management with Considering the Importance of Recovery
With respect to disasters, earthquake is one of the leading causes of death. Its aftermath can be abated if proper actions take place before the onset of the earthquake. Various sectors in a country are responsible for managing disasters, but the lack of knowledge about the positive effects of their actions makes them reluctant to act decisively. Retrofitting buildings and structures, positioning humanitarian goods, retrofitting transportation links, and devising a disaster response plan all make a city more resistant. The main aim of this paper is to present a robust model to investigate the effect of considering recovery costs on decision making. In this model, the importance of each region changed with due attention to imposed costs to the region without any action. The result shows a 13 percent improvement compare to the previous model. Also, this paper highlights the significance of pre-disaster action on the recovery costs and the importance of taking action before it is too late.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71529_836e197f1326f45d5b226f50e50cf3a8.pdf
2019-06-01
115
135
10.22059/ceij.2019.254789.1474
Disaster Engineering
Mathematical Modelling
sustainability
Transport Management
Transport Planning
A.
Edrisi
edrisi@kntu.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Moein
Askari
m-askari@email.kntu.ac.ir
2
Highway and Transportation Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Altay, N. and Green, W.G. (2006). “OR/MS research in disaster operations management”, European Journal of Operational Research, 175(1), 475-493.
1
Balcik, B., Beamon, B. M. and Smilowitz, K. (2008). “Last mile distribution in humanitarian relief”, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 12(2), 51-63.
2
Boswell, M.R., Deyle, R.E., Smith, R.A. and Baker, E.J. (1999). “A Quantitative method for estimating probable public costs of hurricanes”, Environmental Management, 23(3), 359-372.
3
Chang, S.E. and Nojima, N. (2001). “Measuring post-disaster transportation system performance the 1995 Kobe earthquake in comparative perspective”, Transportation Research Part A, 35(6), 475-494.
4
Chen, A.Y. and Yu, T. (2016). “Network based temporary facility location for the emergency medical services considering the disaster induced demand and the transportation infrastructures in disaster response”, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 91, 408-423.
5
Chen, X. and Li, Q. (2017). “Modeling road network vulnerability for evacuees and first responders in no-notice evacuation”, Journal of Advanced Transportation, DOI: 10.1155/2017/6193127.
6
Cheraghi, S. and Hosseini-Motlagh, S.M. (2017). “Optimal blood transportation in disaster relief considering facility disruption and route reliability under uncertainty”, International Journal of Transportation Engineering, 4(3), 225-254.
7
Coburn, A., Pomonis, A., Sakai, S. and Spence, R. (1991). “Assessing human casualties caused by building collapse in earthquakes”, In: Summaries of the International Conference on the Impact of Natural Disasters, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, 10-12 July.
8
Cret, L., Yamazaki, F., Nagata, S. and Katayama, T. (1993). “Earthquake damage estimation and decision analysis for emergency shut-off of city gas networks using fuzzy set theory”, Structural Safety, 12, 1-19.
9
Das, R. (2018). “Disaster preparedness for better response: Logistics perspectives”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 153-159.
10
Edrissi, A., Nourinejad M. and Roorda, M.J. (2015). “Transportation network reliability in emergency response”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 80, 56-73.
11
Edrissi, A., Poorzahedy, H., Nassiri, H. and Nourinejad. M. (2013). “A multi-agent optimization formulation of earthquake prevention and management”, European Journal of Operational Research, 229(1), 261-275.
12
El-Anwar, O., El-Rayes, K. and Elnashai, A.S. (2010). “Maximizing sustainability of integrated housing recovery efforts”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(7), 794-802.
13
Fiedrich F., Gehbauer F. and Rickers U. (2000). “Optimized resource allocation for emergency response after earthquake disasters”, Safety Science, 35(1-3), 41-57.
14
Gaddis, B.E., Miles, B., Morse, S. and Lewis, D. (2007). “Full-cost accounting of coastal disasters in United States, Implications for planning and preparedness”, Ecological Economics, 63(2-3), 307-318.
15
Galindo, G. and Batta, R. (2013). “Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster operations management”, European Journal of Operational Research, 230(2), 201-211.
16
Goldschmidt, K.H. and Kumar, S. (2016). “Humanitarian operations and crisis/disaster management: A retrospective review of the literature and framework for development”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 20, 1-13.
17
Gonzalez, R.A. (2010). “Developing a multi-agent system of a crisis response organization”, Business Process Management Journal, 6(5), 847-870.
18
Iqbal, S., Sardar, M.U., Lodhi, F.K. and Hasan, O. (2018). “Statistical model checking of relief supply location and distribution in natural disaster management”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 1043-1053.
19
Kalkman, J.P. and Waard, E.J. (2017). “Inter-organizational disaster management projects: Finding the middle way between trust and control”, International Journal of Project Management, 35(5), 889-899.
20
Kamamura, S., Shimazaki, D., Genda, K., Sasayama, K. and Uematsu, Y. (2015). “Disaster recovery for transport network through multiple restoration stages”, IEICE Transaction on Communications, E98.B(1), 171-179.
21
Karlaftis, M.G., Kepaptsoglou, K.L. and Lambropoulos, S. (2007). “Fund allocation for transportation network recovery following natural disasters”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 133(1), 82-89.
22
Khademi, N., Balaei, B., Shahri, M., Mirzaei, M., Sarrafi, B., Zahabiun, M. and Mohaymany, A.S. (2015). “Transportation network vulnerability analysis for the case of a catastrophic earthquake”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 234-245.
23
Koike, A. and Miyamoto, Y. (2017). “Short-run economic assessment of the transportation recovery policy after an earthquake”, 103 MATEC Web Conference, 1-8.
24
Leelawat, N., Suppasri, A. and Imamura, F. (2015). “Disaster recovery and reconstruction following the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami: A business process management perspective”, International Journal of Risk Science, 6, 310-314.
25
MacAskill, K. and Guthrie, P. (2016). “Disaster risk reduction and empowering local government, A case comparison between Sri Lanka and New Zealand”, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(4), 318-329.
26
Manopiniwes, W. and Irohara, T. (2017). “Stochastic optimization model for integrated decisions on relief supply chains: Preparedness for disaster response”, International Journal of Production Research, 55(4), 979-996.
27
McLoughlin, D. (1985). “A framework for integrated emergency management”, Public Administration Review 45 (Special Issue: Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration), 165-172.
28
Mete, H.O. and Zabinsky, Z.B. (2010). “Stochastic optimization of medical supplies location and distribution in disaster management”, International Journal of Production Economics, 126, 76-84.
29
Mowll, R. and Brunsdon, D. (2014). “Earthquake impact on utilities: Planning for recovery”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 167(3), 106-114.
30
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31
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32
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33
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34
Schulz, S.F. and Blecken, A. (2010). “Horizontal cooperation in disaster relief logistics: Benefits and impediments”, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 40(8-9), 636-656.
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Song, B., Hao, S., Murakami, S. and Sadohara, S. (1996). “Comprehensive evaluation method on earthquake damage using Fuzzy theory”, Journal of Urban Planing and Development, 122(1), 1-17.
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37
United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2006). "Magnitude 6.6, South Eastern Iran", United States Department of the Interior, 10-12.
38
Vitoriano, B., Ortuno, M.T., Tirado, G. and Montero, J. (2011). “A multi-criteria optimization model for humanitarian aid distribution”, Journal of Global Optimization, 51(2), 189-208.
39
Wang, W., Yang, S., Hu, F., He, S., Shi, X., Meng, Y. and Shi, M. (2016). “Integrated optimization model for shelters allocation and evacuation routing with consideration of reliability”, Transportation Research Record, 2599(1), 33-42.
40
Yan, Y., Hong, L., He, X., Ouyang, M., Peeta, S. and Chen, X. (2017). “Pre-disaster investment decisions for strengthening the Chinese railway system under earthquakes”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 105, 39-59.
41
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42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of the Modifying Effect of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Copolymer on Strength and Permeability Properties of Structural Light Aggregate Concrete
Polymers not only possess repairing functions concerning the concrete structures, but also due to their properties are used in making different types of polymer cements and improving the matrix structure of cement materials, enhancing the viscosity, mechanical, and stability power of concretes. Today, there is limited knowledge on the use of SBR in structural light aggregate concrete. In the present research, light expanded clay aggregate was used to produce light weight concrete weighing 1740 to 1780 kg/M3. Unlike the previously conducted studies in which the desirable properties of concrete were achieved by increasing the compressive strength, in the current study we have used C25 light concrete without any cement supplements. SBR latex copolymer was incorporated in concrete directly (additive) and indirectly (light aggregates coating) each based on a combinational performance of 28 and 60 days. The results revealed that based on the used cement matrix, the optimal performance of the latex in the direct method was enhanced by increasing the bending and tensile strength rather than the compressive strength. The indirect presence of latex not only imposed a new limit in ITZ, but also had no interfering role in modifying the chemical mechanism of cement hydration. Thus, the behavior of this concrete did not show any enhancement in the mechanical properties as it did in the case of direct implication of latex. The study also showed that the presence of latex in both methods led to reduced permeability of the concrete. This research also looked into the impact of cement matrix capability, latex consumption rate, curing age and method and the effect of copolymer ratio on improving the light weight concrete stability and mechanical properties.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71530_2687322a844567db193f4801f285e3d1.pdf
2019-06-01
137
154
10.22059/ceij.2019.255225.1476
Combinational Curing
Mechanical Strength
Permeability
SBR Latex Copolymer
Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Sajad
Rezaei
rezaei@pooyesh.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Pooyesh Institute of Higher Education, Qom, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Keyvan
Abedzadeh
k1.abedzadeh@yahoo.com
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Pooyesh Institute of Higher Education, Qom, Iran.
AUTHOR
ACI Committee 548.1. (2009). Guide for the use of polymers in concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
1
ACI Committee 211.2. (2004). Standard practice for selecting proportion for structural lightweight concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
2
Ardakani, A. and Yazdani, M. (2014). “The relation between particle density and static elastic moduli of lightweight expanded clay aggregates”, Applied Clay Science, 93, 28-34.
3
Assaad, J.J. (2018). “Development and use of polymer-modified cement for adhesive and repair applications”, Construction and Building Materials, 163, 139-148.
4
Assaad, J. and Daou, Y. (2017). “Behavior of structural polymer-modified concrete containing recycled aggregates”, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 31(8), 874-896.
5
Assaad, J.J. and Issa, C.A. (2017). “Mixture optimisation of polymer-modified lightweight SCC”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 69(14), 745-756.
6
Bogas, J.A., Nogueira, R. and Almeida, N.G. (2014). “Influence of mineral additions and different compositional parameters on the shrinkage of structural expanded clay lightweight concrete”, Materials and Design, (1980-2015), 56, 1039-1048.
7
Bogas, J.A., Gomes, M.G. and Real, S. (2015a). “Capillary absorption of structural lightweight aggregate concrete”, Materials and Structures, 48(9), 2869-2883.
8
Bogas, J.A., de Brito, J. and Figueiredo, J.M. (2015b). “Mechanical characterization of concrete produced with recycled lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 89, 187-195.
9
Doğan, M. and Bideci, A. (2016). “Effect of Styrene Butadiene Copolymer (SBR) admixture on high strength concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 112, 378-385.
10
Eren, F., Gödek, E., Keskinateş, M., Tosun-Felekoğlu, K. and Felekoğlu, B. (2017). “Effects of latex modification on fresh state consistency, short term strength and long term transport properties of cement mortars”, Construction and Building Materials, 133, 226-233.
11
Ferrara, L., Cortesi, L. and Ligabue, O. (2015). “Internal curing of concrete with presaturated LWA: A preliminary investigation”, Special Publication, 305, 12-1.
12
Issa, C. A. and Assaad, J.J. (2017). “Stability and bond properties of polymer-modified self-consolidating concrete for repair applications”, Materials and Structures, 50(1), 28.
13
Lewis, W.J. and Lewis, G. (1990). “The influence of polymer latex modifiers on the properties of concrete”, Composites, 21(6), 487-494.
14
Martínez-García, C., González-Fonteboa, B., Martínez-Abella, F. and Carro-López, D. (2017). “Performance of mussel shell as aggregate in plain concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 139, 570-583.
15
Miller, N.M. and Tehrani, F.M. (2017). “Mechanical properties of rubberized lightweight aggregate concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 147, 264-271.
16
Mindess, S., Young, J.F. and Darwin, D. (1981). Concrete, Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 481 P.
17
Mo, K.H., Alengaram, U.J., Visintin, P., Goh, S.H. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2015). “Influence of lightweight aggregate on the bond properties of concrete with various strength grades”, Construction and Building Materials, 84, 377-386.
18
Mo, K.H., Alengaram, U.J. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2016). “Bond properties of lightweight concrete, A review”, Construction and Building Materials, 112, 478-496.
19
Mo, K.H., Goh, S.H., Alengaram, U.J., Visintin, P. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2017a). “Mechanical, toughness, bond and durability-related properties of lightweight concrete reinforced with steel fibres”, Materials and Structures, 50(1), 46.
20
Mo, K.H., Ling, T.C., Alengaram, U.J., Yap, S.P. and Yuen, C.W. (2017b). “Overview of supplementary cementitious materials usage in lightweight aggregate concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 139, 403-418.
21
Muhammad, N.Z., Keyvanfar, A., Majid, M.Z.A., Shafaghat, A. and Mirza, J. (2015). “Waterproof performance of concrete: A critical review on implemented approaches”, Construction and Building Materials, 101, 80-90.
22
Nair, H., Ozyildirim, C. and Sprinkel, M. (2016). “Use of lightweight concrete for reducing cracks in bridge decks (No. FHWA/VTRC 16-R14)”, Virginia Transportation Research Council.
23
Nováková, I. and Mikulica, K. (2016). “Properties of concrete with partial replacement of natural aggregate by recycled concrete aggregates from precast production”, Procedia Engineering, 151, 360-367.
24
Ohama, Y. (1995). Handbook of polymer-modified concrete and mortars: Properties and process technology, William Andrew.
25
Pascal, S., Alliche, A. and Pilvin, P. (2004). “Mechanical behaviour of polymer modified mortars”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 380(1-2), 1-8.
26
Ramli, M. and Tabassi, A.A. (2012). “Effects of polymer modification on the permeability of cement mortars under different curing conditions: A correlational study that includes pore distributions, water absorption and compressive strength”, Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 561-570.
27
Ramli, M., Tabassi, A.A. and Hoe, K.W. (2013). “Porosity, pore structure and water absorption of polymer-modified mortars: An experimental study under different curing conditions”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 55, 221-233.
28
Real, S. and Bogas, J.A. (2017). “Oxygen permeability of structural lightweight aggregate concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 137, 21-34.
29
Said, A.M., Quiroz, O.I., Hatchett, D.W. and ElGawady, M. (2016). “Latex-modified concrete overlays using waste paint”, Construction and Building Materials, 123, 191-197.
30
Chandra Berntsson, L. (2003). Lightweight aggregate concrete science, technology and applications.
31
Sayadi, A.A., Tapia, J.V., Neitzert, T. R. and Clifton, G.C. (2016). “Effects of expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles on fire resistance, thermal conductivity and compressive strength of foamed concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 112, 716-724.
32
Shafigh, P., Ghafari, H., Mahmud, H.B. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2014). “A comparison study of the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of oil palm shell and expanded clay lightweight aggregate concretes”, Materials and Design, 60, 320-327.
33
Shafigh, P., Jumaat, M.Z., Mahmud, H.B. and Alengaram, U.J. (2013). “Oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing high volume ground granulated blast furnace slag”, Construction and Building Materials, 40, 231-238.
34
Silva, D.A. and Monteiro, P.J. (2006). “The influence of polymers on the hydration of Portland cement phases analyzed by soft X-ray transmission microscopy”, Cement and Concrete Research, 36(8), 1501-1507.
35
Valcuende, M. and Parra, C. (2009). “Bond behaviour of reinforcement in self-compacting concretes”, Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), 162-170.
36
Vargas, P., Restrepo-Baena, O. and Tobón, J.I. (2017). “Microstructural analysis of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) and its impact on the compressive strength of lightweight concretes”, Construction and Building Materials, 137, 381-389.
37
Wang, M., Wang, R., Yao, H., Farhan, S., Zheng, S., Wang, Z. and Jiang, H. (2016). “Research on the mechanism of polymer latex modified cement”, Construction and Building Materials, 111, 710-718.
38
Wang, R., Wang, P.M. and Li, X.G. (2005). “Physical and mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber emulsion modified cement mortars”, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5), 900-906.
39
Zhang, P., Xie, N., Cheng, X., Feng, L., Hou, P. and Wu, Y. (2018). “Low dosage nano-silica modification on lightweight aggregate concrete”, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 8, 1847980418761283.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Blast Furnace Dust, Use for the Manufacture of Asphalt Concrete for Roads
This paper analyzes how feasible it is to use electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate, and blast furnace dust as fine aggregate in the manufacture of hot asphalt concrete for roads. Three mixtures were designed using the Ramcodes methodology, the M1 mixture of control with conventional materials, the M2 mixture replacing 50% and the M3 mixture replacing 100% of the conventional aggregates, which were submitted to tests to evaluate the susceptibility to moisture damage and plastic deformation, as well as others to determine the resilient modulus and the fatigue laws for each type of mixture. The mixtures with EAF and BFD presented better mechanical characteristics than the mixture with natural aggregates, met the acceptance requirements and the results of the performance tests are within the required requirements.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71531_559d3c34f42098cc08c81bf14da98708.pdf
2019-06-01
155
166
10.22059/ceij.2019.259125.1486
Asphalt Concrete
Blast Furnace Dust
Electric Arc Furnace Slag
Ramcodes
Ricardo
Ochoa Díaz
ricardo.ochoa@uptc.edu.co
1
Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia,
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alfonso
López Díaz
alfonso.lopez@uptc.edu.co
2
Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
AUTHOR
Askarinejad, A. (2017). "Using different methods of nanofabrication as a new way to activate supplementary cementitious materials, A review", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 50(1), 1-19.
1
INVIAS. (2013). Especificaciones generales de construcción de carreteras, Colombian technical standards, Bogotá, Colombia.
2
Kambole, C., Paige-Green, P., Kupolati, W.K., Ndambuki, J.M. and Adeboje, A.O. (2017). "Basic oxygen furnace slag for road pavements: A review of material characteristics and performance for effective utilisation in southern Africa", Construction and Building Materials, 148, 618-631.
3
Li, N., Molenaar, A.A.A., Van De Ven, M.F.C. and Wu, S. (2013). "Characterization of fatigue performance of asphalt mixture using a new fatigue analysis approach", Construction and Building Materials, 45, 45-52.
4
Loaiza, A. and Colorado, H.A. (2018). "Marshall stability and flow tests for asphalt concrete containing electric arc furnace dust waste with high ZnO contents from the steel making process", Construction and Building Materials, 166, 769-778.
5
Lytton, R.L., Masad, E.A., Zollinger, C., Bulut, R. and Little, D. (2005). "Measurements of surface energy and its relationship to moisture damage", (FHWA/TX-05/0-4524-2), Retrieved from https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4524-2.pdf
6
Masoudi, S., Abtahi, S.M. and Goli, A. (2017). "Evaluation of electric arc furnace steel slag coarse aggregate in warm mix asphalt subjected to long-term aging", Construction and Building Materials, 135, 260-266.
7
Ochoa Díaz, R. (2012). "Diseño de mezclas bituminosas para pavimentos con alquitrán, usando las metodologías Marshall y Ramcodes 1", Respuestas, 17(2), 63-70.
8
Ochoa, R. and Grimaldo, G. (2018). "Validation of the polyvoids in the design of bituminous mixtures with coal tar as a binder", Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 33, 137-146. Retrieved from http://www.ricuc.cl/index.php/ric/article/view/827/pdf
9
Parish, C.M., White, R.M., Lebeau, J.M. and Miller, M.K. (2014). "Response of nanostructured ferritic alloys to high-dose heavy ion irradiation", Journal of Nuclear Materials. 445(1-3), 251-260.
10
Pasandín, A.R. and Pérez, I. (2017). "Fatigue performance of bituminous mixtures made with recycled concrete aggregates and waste tire rubber", Construction and Building Materials, 157, 26-33.
11
Pasetto, M., Baliello, A., Giacomello, G. and Pasquini, E. (2017). "Sustainable solutions for road pavements: A multi-scale characterization of warm mix asphalts containing steel slags", Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 835-843.
12
Sánchez-Leal, F.J. (2007). "Gradation chart for asphalt mixes : Development", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering in Civil Engineering, 19(2), 185-197.
13
Sánchez-Leal, F.J., Anguas, P.G., Larreal, M. and Valdés, D.B.L. (2011). "Polyvoids : Analytical tool for superpave HMA design", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(8), 1129-1137.
14
Sánchez, F., Garnica, P., Gómez, J. and Pérez, N. (2002). Ramcodes: Metodología racional para el análisis de densificación de geomateriales compactados, Sanfandila, Querétaro, Retrieved from https://imt.mx/archivos/Publicaciones/PublicacionTecnica/pt200.pdf
15
Skaf, M., Manso, J.M., Aragón, Á., Fuente-Alonso, J.A. and Ortega-López, V. (2017). "EAF slag in asphalt mixes: A brief review of its possible re-use", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 120, 176-185.
16
Taherkhani, H. and Afroozi, S. (2017). "Investigating the performance characteristics of asphaltic concrete containing nano-silica", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 50(1), 75-93.
17
Taherkhani, H. and Arshadi, M.R. (2018). "Investigating the creep properties of PET-modified asphalt concrete", Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 51(2), 277-292.
18
Tan, Y. and Guo, M. (2013). "Using surface free energy method to study the cohesion and adhesion of asphalt mastic", Construction and Building Materials, 47, 254-260.
19
Tarefder, R.A., Zaman, M. and Hobson, K. (2011). "A laboratory and Statistical Evaluation of Factor Affecting Rutting", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 4, 59-68.
20
Xie, J., Wu, S., Lin, J., Cai, J., Chen, Z. and Wei, W. (2012). "Recycling of basic oxygen furnace slag in asphalt mixture: Material characterization and moisture damage investigation", Construction and Building Materials, 36, 467-474.
21
Zhu, T., Ma, T., Huang, X. and Wang, S. (2016). "Evaluating the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures using a simplified triaxial repeated load test", Construction and Building Materials, 116, 72-78.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of WEAP-MODFLOW Model as an Integrated Water Resources Management Model for Sustainable Development (A Case Study: Gharesoo at Doab-Merek, Kermanshah, Iran)
This paper evaluated an integrated water resources management approach through linked WEAP-MODFLOW model. Study area is Ravasnar-Sanjabi plain located in Kermanshah province in the west of Iran. A MODFLOW model was evaluated and then, accepted as a groundwater model for the region in present research. Schematic WEAP model was provided as representing general features of water resources system after designing a conceptual model for the study area. The simplified rainfall-runoff model in WEAP was used to perform hydrological simulations. In the second step of present research, the groundwater model was linked to WEAP dynamically. Simulation years with 12 time steps per year included years of 2007-2015 for creating and verifying WEAP-MODFLOW model and years of 2015-2030 for performing scenarios. Statistical criteria included mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe (NASH), with Box plot diagram being selected to assess accuracy of calibrated model. Four scenarios were implemented for 2015 until 2030. They included unchanged present situation and situations with 35%, 45% and 57% reduction of groundwater and surface water withdrawal. Results showed that the fourth scenario with a 57% decrease in the extraction of surface water and groundwater resources was the best one. Based on this scenario, exploitation of the system will be sustainable, with the system recovering as 0.023 meter rising per year. Finally, the results of present study indicated that the approach was feasible for planning and managing water resources in spite of the lack of some data.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_70963_f562e1ad7c4d14860d4fd996b6a8653c.pdf
2019-06-01
167
183
10.22059/ceij.2019.260084.1495
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
MODFLOW
Sustainable Development
WEAP
Jahangir
Porhemmat
porhemmat@scwmri.ac.ir
1
Hydrology, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI)
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hosein
Sedghi
hsedgh@yahoo.com
2
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hosein
Babazadeh
h_babazadeh@hotmail.com
3
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Masood
Fotovat
masoodfotovat@gmail.com
4
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alam, N. and Olsthoorn, T.N. (2011). “Sustainable conjunctive use of surface and groundwater modeling on the basin scale”, International Journal of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, 1(1), 1-12.
1
Alam, N. and Olsthoorn, T.N. (2014). “Sustainable conjunctive use of groundwater for additional irrigation”, Hydrological Processes, 28, 5288-5296.
2
Allen, R.G. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration (Guidelines for computing crop water requirements), FAO.
3
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Smith, M., Raes, D., James L. and Wright, J.L. (2005). “FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions”, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1(131), 1-13.
4
Azari, A. (2011). “Groundwater-surface water interaction simulation in terms of integrated water resource management, Case study: Dez plain”, PhD Thesis, University of Shahid Chamran, (In Persian).
5
Bittinger, M.W. (1967). “Simulation and analysis of stream-aquifer systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Utah State University.
6
Bredehoeft, J.D. and Young, R.A. (1983). “Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water for irrigated agriculture: Risk aversion”, Water Resources Research, 19(5), 1111-1121.
7
Condon, L.E. and Maxwell, R.M. (2013). “Implementation of a linear optimization water allocation algorithm into a fully integrated physical hydrology model”, Advances in Water Resources, 60, 135-147.
8
Diao, X., Dinar, A., Roe, T. and Tsur, Y. (2007). “A general equilibrium analysis of conjunctive ground and surface water use with an application to Morocco”, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management in the Center for Agricultural Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 10.07, http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/economics/indexe.html.
9
Dimovaa, G., Tzanova, E., Ninovb, P., Ribarovaa, I. and Kossida, M. (2014). “Complementary use of the WEAP model to underpin the development of SEEAW physical water use and supply tables”, Procedia Engineering, 70, 563-572.
10
Eghlim-Tarh Consulting Engineers, (2007). “The report of collecting statistics of water resources in Ravansar-Sanjabi studying area”, Ministry of Energy, Kermanshah Regional Water Resources Authority, (In Persian).
11
El-Rawy, M., Zlotnik, V.A., Al-Raggad, M., Al-Maktoumi, A., Kacimov, A. and Abdalla, O. (2016). “Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources with aquifer recharge by treated wastewater: Evaluation of management scenarios in the Zarqa river basin, Jordan”, Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1146.
12
Fotovat, M., Porhemmat, J., Sedghi, S. and Bababzadeh, H. (2018). “Impact of structural geology on integrated water resources modeling improvement, A case study of Garesoo river basin, in Doab-Merek station, Kermanshah, Iran”, Geosciences, 106, 103-110.
13
Gaiser, T., Printz, A., von Raumer, H.G.S., Gotzinger, J., Dukhovny, V.A., Barthel, R., Sorokin, A., Tuchin, A., Kiourtsidis, C., Ganoulis, I. and Stahr, K. (2008). “Development of a regional model for integrated management of water resources at the basin scale”, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 33, 175-182.
14
Hadded, R., Nouiri, I., Alshihabi, O., Maßmann, J., Huber, M., Laghouane, A., Yahiaoui, H. and Tarhouni, A.J. (2013). “Decision Support System to manage the groundwater of the Zeuss Koutine aquifer using the WEAP-MODFLOW framework”, Water Resources Management, 27, 1981-2000.
15
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16
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17
Hanson, R.T., Schmid, W., Faunt, C.C. and Lockwood, B. (2014). “Simulation and analysis of conjunctive use with MODFLOW's farm process”, Ground Water, 48(5), 674-689.
18
Howard, K.W.F. and Howard, K.K. (2016). “The new Silk Road Economic Belt as a threat to the sustainable management of Central Asia’s trans-boundary water resources”, Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(11), 976.
19
Kareem, I.R. (2015). “Conjunctive use modeling of surface water and groundwater in the Jolak basin, North Iraq”, Journal of Kerbala University, 13(1), 236-246.
20
Kavab Consulting Engineers, (2002). “Semi detail studying about evaluation of surface and groundwater resources in Kermanshah Studying Area”, Ministry of Energy, Kermanshah Regional Water Resources Authority.
21
Li, P. (2016). “Groundwater quality in Western China: Challenges and paths forward for groundwater quality research in Western China”, Exposure and Health, 8(3), 305-310.
22
Li, P., Qian, H. And Wu, J. (2018). “Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water to reduce soil salinization in the Yinchuan Plain, North-West China”, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(3), 337-353.
23
Li, X., Zhao, Y., Shi, C., Sha, J., Wang, Z.L. and Wang, Y. (2015). “Application of Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model for water resources management strategy estimation in coastal Binhai New Area, China”, Ocean and Coastal Management, 106, 97-109.
24
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25
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28
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29
Nazari, H., Ghorashi, M., Karimibavandpour, A., Basavand, M. and Fotovat, M. (2015). “Active faulting and it’s act on forming and geometry of the plains (Case study: Miandarband and Sanjabi faults, North West of Kermanshah and Miandarband and Ravansar-Sanjabi plain)”, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources Management Co., Kermanshah Regional Water Authority, No. 109 (In Persian).
30
Omar, E.D.M. and Moussa, A.M.A. (2016). “Water management in Egypt for facing the future challenges”, Journal of Advanced Research, 7(3), 403-412.
31
Pulido-Velázquez, M., Andreu, J. and Sahuquillo, A. (2006). “Economic optimization of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at the basin scale”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 132(6), 454-467.
32
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Study of a Square Foundation with Connected and Non-Connected Piled Raft Foundation Under Eccentrically Loaded
In the recent years, non-connected piled raft foundation has been considered as an economical and practical deep foundation in the situation that high shear and concentrated loads may occur at the connection of the raft and pile head. This paper was presented an experimental study of a square foundation on the effects of parameters such as S/D, L/D and etc. in two cases of connected or non-connected piled raft system under the eccentrically loaded raft. The results was showed that square raft in the case of S/D = 3 and L/D = 8, the bearing capacity of the non-connected piles is more than that of the connected piles. The results of the experiments was showed pile length is more effective than the pile spacing in connected pile raft system. However by decreasing pile spacing, bearing capacity is increased in non-connected pile raft and pile spacing is more effective than the pile spacing in non-connected pile raft system. Comparison of bearing capacity and settlement indicated in the non-connected piled raft system, the longer piles not only has not much effect in increasing bearing capacity significantly, but also has lower effect on the reduction of the settlement. Also in non-connected piled raft system by increasing the pile spacing reduced BPI (bearing pile index) wile in connected piled raft system increased.
https://ceij.ut.ac.ir/article_71532_2b9d59e611009c7a028d194dc2800b97.pdf
2019-06-01
185
203
10.22059/ceij.2019.261279.1498
Bearing Capacity
Connected Piled Raft
Eccentrically Loaded
Non-Connected Piled Raft
settlement
alireza
Saeedi Azizkandi
asaeedia@iust.ac.ir
1
Iran university of science and technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
reza
Taherkhani
taherkhanireza72@gmail.com
2
IUST
AUTHOR
Ali
Taji
ali_taji@civileng.iust.ac.ir
3
IUST
AUTHOR
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